buy custom APA Auto Pilot for Cars essay

purchase custom APA Auto Pilot for Cars exposition There has been an ascent in the quantity of mishaps being seen in our locale. From Motorists of various types to Pedestrians and other street clients, many losseses have been experienced. Because of this issue our class bunch thought of various plans to address the issue. After a solid discussion and Critical valuation for every others assessment we collectively received my concept of making an APA auto Pilot for Cars. Proclamation of work APA auto pilot will control the vehicle once it scopes to the thruway. It has an assortment of factors that oversees various characteristics of a vehicle moving. The objective clients are altogether drivers from PSV drivers, Personal vehicles and Motor bicycle administrators. With special case of gentle worries from certain individuals which was beneficial to our venture and cooperation achievement , we as a whole consented to make the gadget and moved to the following stage. Me, Rochelle and Don chipped away at Fax sheet and logo and email and again my partners chose to pick my thought regarding the logo and we picked Rochelles thought regarding the email. I didnt record a voice message because of my articulation however I composed a voice message welcoming which the entirety of my partners enjoyed yet nobody else set up a welcome and none of them account phone message either. We as a whole worked determinedly on making email and letterhead. I found an article about Volkswagen and afterward every one of the three of us made their own business cards yet I was the one to post it (article). I assembled the site and gave the secret key to my colleagues. Rochelle made a few amendments on it yet Don didnt help a lot. Each of the three of us made our own rundowns on SWOT and everybody put forth great attempt in this progression. I had the option to post my resume and introductory letter in our groups track however nobody else in the group did. As a group had the option to make a PowerPoint pressentation for our likely financial specialists. Despite the fact that we had plans to make a limited time video it didnt emerge. We were additionally not ready to make a key arrangement and plan since Don attacked my endeavors. I posted my number mentioning for a gathering yet we were just ready to meet with Rochelle in the library. Wear is yet to react. I made a handout. End/synopsis All the means were anything but difficult to do and fun as well, however the troublesome part was having accord and meeting as a group. Allowed to change, Id favor a physical class not on the web. Building the site was the most loved part for me. I increased helpful hints on relational abilities which incorporate great listening aptitudes, certainty while talking/visiting, restraint, and persistence and correspondence decorum. The task was not in vanity as I trust I am in a superior situation to lead an indistinguishable business in future. Purchase custom APA Auto Pilot for Cars article

British castles Essay Example For Students

English strongholds Essay English CASTLESGreat Britain’s strongholds epitomize aesthetic attributes and were basic components in the lives of rulers, rulers, nobles, and chieftains. The word mansion implies a structure or gathering of structures normally proposed as a living arrangement of a ruler, master, honorable, or chieftain. There are a wide range of kinds of palaces, and the highlights about them are essentially astounding. Fighting was additionally a significant issue including strongholds. They needed to have a few methods for security. The manors arrived at their fullest improvement in the medieval period, despite the fact that sustained structure had been around a lot before. The manors made a primitive framework, which gave them their most prominent significance. The medieval framework was partitioned into three classes: the knights and nobles, pastorate, and laborers. The knights and nobles’ work was to safeguard society, the ministry was to implore, while the laborers had the oblig ation to till the dirt and bolster different classes (Collier’s Encyclopedia 532). The source of has been followed back to the late Roman occasions when men set themselves under a man more grounded and wealthier than themselves (Rowling 31). The knights lived in mansions based upon ridges or in the twist of waterways. There they got vessels, held gathering: and upon event, safeguarded themselves from rivals. There are a wide range of general styles of palaces in Britain. One of the styles is a motte and bailey, which was one of the main kinds of palaces assembled. The manor was made of a motte, which was an enormous man-made hill of earth. The highest point of the hill was encircled by wooden palisades, which resembled logs. Inside those logs was a wooden keep. This was utilized as a post tower and a last asylum or keep (Farndon 7). The best way to get into the motte was over an inclining span, set on high columns. The bailey was close to the motte, and wooden palisades likewise encompassed it. A dump of water ensured the bailey. The motte and bailey were associated by a flying extension that could be torn down if the bailey was not required any longer. Since the motte and bailey were made of wood and earth none of the mansions have endure totally today (Remfry 1). Norman’s were not many so they probably needed to constrain individuals to help manufacture it (Farndon 6). By the el eventh century the motte and bailey type of palace was broadly spread (Alistair 3). Another kind of stronghold is a shell keep. This was one of the main stone manors constructed. The keep was a round divider that had structures encompassing it. The keep was encircled by an open-yard. This had the benefit of grouping the significant segments of the château into a solitary solid, effectively faultless keep (Remfry, Types of mansions 1). Because of the way that the shell keep was light enough to be upheld by a man-made hill, huge numbers of the keeps were added to the current motte and bailey palaces. This keep was so a lot more grounded and bigger that it took more time to work than a motte or bailey. A Masonry Tower was a square that was 30 or 40 feet high. This pinnacle was made of glue and stones, however block and rubble were frequently used to occupy dividers on occasion. These towers were unattached and the stone prompted a superior resistance if necessary. A later advancement of the plan was a Welsh D-Tower which is a joined square keep with a round pinnacle t hat made the stone work tower significantly more grounded. The Tower of London is the most well known of these Towers (Remfry, Types of mansion 2). A donjon was very normal and found in numerous shapes. The donjonWas viewed as a last line of guard. They were encircled by a stone blind divider, which was safeguarded by a few towers. The divider was thick, as, much as nine or ten feet thick and possibly 40 foot in tallness. The divider has a cover like dependent on it to thicken the divider base, and causing strong or fluid material (Simpson 14). A later plan to these towers was a gatehouse. The door caused a feeble resistance so they later encompassed it by a couple of Towers. These different towers would permit assailants to be vanquished from above or on the gatehouse. A portcullis was likewise used to secure the entryway with a metal mesh (Remfry 2). At last, a concentric château was an irregular kind of manor. It spoke to the most elevated type of a mansion. It for the most part comprised of a donjon and window ornament divider, even at least two dividers. The subsequent divider was lower than the first, permitting bowmen to drop from the two dividers and fire upon assailants. The pinnacle additionally comprised of round towers, huge canals, and gatekeeps. On the off chance that the principal tower was demolished, the assailant was as yet confronted with an entire other complete manor. On the off chance that the manor were developed appropriately, it would be powerful. Edward I constructed a lion's share of the mansions to put down the Welsh uprisings (Remfry 2). A Crime Of Compassion EssayThe shades of there tunics, mantles, hose, and shoes were brilliant blues, yellows, crimsons, purples, and greens. Their pieces of clothing were generally made out of fleece, however fine silks were regularly worn. Camlet was some of the time utilized for winter robes, which was woven from camel or goat hair. The hide trimmings were of squirrel, lambskin, bunny, otter, marten, beavers, fox, ermine, and sable. For bubbly events belts may be silk with gold or silver strings with gems connected to them. The two people wore head covers inside an outside. The master for the most part wore a material coif attached by string to his jaw. Quills and catches embellished this. The woman wore a material wimple either white or hued that secured her hair and neck. Outside, hood and tops were worn over the coifs and wimples. Rich gloves, gems, accessories, gold rings with stones, pins, hairbands, shoebuckles and wristbands finished the outfit (Gies, 111). The morning was spent in routine errand relying upon whether the château had mission. The master had meetings with individuals from his direction. The woman talked with her mission or remained occupied with weaving and different activities. The knights working on fencing and tilting, while kids did their exercises with a guide. The guide was normally one of the lord’s agents. At the point when the exercise was over the kids would play. The young ladies played with dolls and the young men with tops and balls, horseshoes, and retires from. In the patio, the lucky men cleared out the pens and took care of the ponies. Smith’s chipped away at horseshoes, nails, and wagon fittings (Gies, 112). In the kitchen the cook and his staff turned the meat on a spit and arranged stews and soups in iron pots hung over the fire on a snare and chain that could be raised and brought down for various temperatures. Some of there meat was pork, hamburger, sheep, poultry, and game. At the point when the bubbling meat was prepared it was lifted out of the pot with an iron meat snare, a long fork with a wooden handle and prongs joined to the side. The soup was mixed with a since quite a while ago took care of opened spoon. Salting or smoking protected the meat. Most basic was to keep the meat alive int’l prepared for use. On quick days they served fish (Gies, 113). The masters needed to utilize chasing as a lifestyle. At first light on summer days the masters, his family, and mission would go into the timberland while the huntsman, an expert and ordinary individual from the lord’s staff would chase the deer down with their mutts. There were three sorts of canines: the lymer, a h unting dog, bachet, and a racing dog. The hound dog was kept on a chain and used to polish off the prey under control. The bachet was a littler dog and a racing dog was bigger than the advanced variety and equipped for murdering a deer all alone. At the point when the creature was brought to the cove it was normally decapitated. Some of the time they would utilize bow and bolt to kill. Cleaning and splitting the meat, including the hound’s share (Gies 125) followed the murder. A feast would likewise incorporate brew. The rulers and there colleagues love to drink lager (Quenells 43). Supper would be served between 10:00 a.m. also, early afternoon. The supper comprised of a few courses each served in independent dishes. The entirety of the courses comprised of similar sorts of food aside from the last course, which comprised of organic products, nuts, cheddar, wafers, and spiced wine. On vacations and weddings a huge amount of food would be served. When HenryIII little girl wed ded there was in excess of sixty field cows eaten at the first and head course at the table (Gies, 117). During supper the journey may be engaged with music or jokes, and stories. At the point when supper was more than one of the mission would engage the organization with their very own melody. The lifestyle lived during circumstances such as the present were altogether different from how we live things now. Their method of assault at that point was extremely fierce and took tough men to pull the activity off. Presently weapon power is developed so it is simpler to guard us from aggressors. The rulers and women were inventive in their methods of getting things done. It would have been stunning to live in those occasions.

Social Science Example

Social Science Example Social Science â€" Essay Example > FamilyFamily is the building block to forming a well-rounded society. Family is therefore, a minuscule of the community or the society (Corbett, 2004, p. 1). Family is an institution that an individual first interacts with others other than him or herself and one learns to think, relate, value and respond to what is happening around them. Traditionally and partly in modern society, the family is the means to procreation, companionship and a place that offers safety and security from the harsh external environment (Smith Young, 1998, p. 39). Although the role the family plays has rapidly changed over the years, the family remains a fundamental aspect in human society. The family is the first learning ground where individuals acquire their personality, identity, value system, perceptions, character, conduct and behavior and it is where ideals such as patience, kindness, love, honesty, self-confidence, trust, understanding, compromise, self-control, respect and self-efficacy are, ac quired (Goodwin, 1999, p. 87). Similarly, from the family individuals acquire negative values such as egocentrism, mistrust, lying, cruelty, violence, and lack of remorsefulness, selfishness, low self â€"esteem, low self-confidence and low self-efficacy. The family forms a foundation in which the past, present and future of a nation is, based on (Poutziouris, et al. , 2006, p. 27). Due to the fundamental role, the family has played in traditional and contemporary society, many theorists and disciplines have argued greatly on what the definition of a family is (Corbett, 2004, p. 1). According to UK’s definition, a family is ‘a married heterosexual couple and their children’. The report will therefore, analyze how social scientists have challenged this kind of conventional definition of the UK family using an interdisciplinary approach by drawing on three social science disciplines. Social science disciplinesThe interdisciplinary approach used in this analysis will draw on anth ropology, psychology and sociology disciplines. Anthropology can be, defined as the science of the entirety of the human survival, psychology is the science of analyzing human actions, behavior and psychological processes that helps explain why people think, behave, perceive and react the way they do and sociology is the science of assessing and analyzing the society and understanding the human social deeds. The main reason for selecting these three disciplines is the important role they play in helping analyze social systems, social structures and interrelationships among individuals be it in personal or business environments. Challenging the conventional UK’s definition of familyThe family allows continuity of human race. Through choice, the definition of family has evolved to challenge the definition of the married heterosexual couple and their children sort of family (Corbett, 2004, p. 2). People are free to choose whom they marry and the family arrangements they want to eng age in, since, they are not slaves to traditions. With shifting ideals, people are more likely to define families based on what they perceive to be valuable to them and discard anything contrary to that (Mitchell, 2006, p. 81). This is, based on sociological theory that states that the actions and conduct of people are, founded on choice. It is important to note that, the reasons why people marry have contributed to the varied definition of families. The structure of a family can be, defined based on the reason why an individual gets into one in the first place (Haviland, 2009, p. 240). For instance, a couple may start a family for economic reasons and may therefore delay or decide not to have children, in their own eyes they are a complete family, since they provide each other with companionship, intimacy and all the other elements accessible by the married heterosexual couple and their children sort of family (Robert Amy, 2008, p. 83). According to sociologists Giddens, contemp orary couples form families for love and late modern couples form families because they want to and therefore, for the latter, if the couple no longer feels they want to, they quit, seek and form new families. Sociologists define family as a unit of married couple with a child (Keilman, 2003, p. 12).

When to Use Whom vs. Who

Knowing when to use whom versus who can be difficult for even the most careful writers and speakers. Many writers and grammarians hope the day comes when whom is cast aside and designated by dictionaries as archaic. Indeed, Paul Brians, a professor in the Department of English at Washington State University, says, Whom has been dying an agonizing death for decades. Until the last nail is placed in the coffin, however, it will be helpful to learn when to use whom versus who in various circumstances. How and When to Use Whom Put simply, use whom—which is a pronoun—when it is the object of a sentence. If you can replace the word with her, him, or them for example, use whom. Youll know when to use whom if the pronoun is used in the objective case, or action is being done to the pronoun. Take the sentence: Whom  do you believe? The sentence may sound pretentious, even snobbish. But it is correct because whom is the subject of the infinitive to, as well as the object of the sentence as a whole. Turn the sentence around so that the object is at the end: You were talking to whom? When you replace whom with him, it becomes even clearer: You were talking to him.Were you talking to him? When to Use Who If whom is used for the objective case, who is used for the subjective case—when the pronoun is the subject of the sentence, or the person creating the action. Take the sentence: Who is at the door? The pronoun who is the subject of the sentence. Check this by replacing who with a subjective pronoun, swapping in she or he for who, as in: She is at the door.He is at the door. Who is always used as the subject of a sentence or clause, and whom is always used as an object. Examples In the following sentences, who is correctly used in the subjective case. You can check this by replacing the pronoun who with another subjective pronoun, such as she, he, or you, for example: Who is coming to dinner? (He is coming to dinner?)Who was that masked man? (He was that masked man? or He was the masked man.)Sally is the woman who got the job. (She got the job.) As previously noted, youll know when to use whom if the pronoun is used in the objective case, or action is being done to the pronoun, as in: To Whom It May Concern. (It may concern him.)I dont know from whom the love letter came. (The love letter came from him.)They fought over whom? (They fought over him? or They fought over them?)After whom do I enter the stage? (I enter the stage after him.)Whom did you recommend for the job? (I recommended him for the job.)For Whom the Bell Tolls (The title of this famous Ernest Hemingway novel is saying, The Bell Rings for Him.) Some of these sentences may sound odd, and this is why the word whom will probably disappear from the English language one day. As used in these examples, whom sounds a little awkward, even when its technically correct. How to Remember the Difference The key to understanding when to use whom or who is knowing the difference between  subjective  and  objective  case. Once you can easily identify the subject and the object of a sentence or clause, you will be able to figure out the correct usage of who and whom. For instance, if you want to decide which is correct in this sentence: Who/Whom should I consider as a college recommendation? Rearrange the sentence so that it will make sense using him or he. Youll come up with the following choices: I should consider him for the college recommendation.I should consider he for the college recommendation. The pronoun him is clearly better. Therefore, the correct word in the sentence above will be whom. Remember this simple trick, and youll always know when to use whom and when to use who.

Faith and Religion in Jane Eyre by Charlote Brontë Essay...

â€Å"I sincerely, deeply, fervently long to do what is right; and only that† (426). Throughout Jane Eyre, the characters struggle to live out and develop their faiths, according both to God’s will and their own. In Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre, faith and religion are displayed in different forms through the characters of Helen Burns, St. John, and Jane Eyre. Faith in Christ is the stronghold for Helen Burns. She considers living to the glory of God the purpose of her life. Her troubles and sorrows do not sway her faith, for she declares it her â€Å"duty to bear it† (56). For Helen, living a fruitful life means imitating the character of Christ. When Jane inquires why she allows her superiors to treat her unjustly, Helen first replies that Christ†¦show more content†¦Faith and religion rests in the core of Jane’s character and actions, but also causes tension with her independence. At Lowood, she struggles to reconcile her desire to rebel against oppression and injustice with the words of Helen saying to submit like Christ. She chooses to submit, experiencing an â€Å"extraordinary sensation†, feeling â€Å"as if she was a martyr† (67). Through her submissions, she learns to be virtuous. This virtue is challenged when she must choose either to be Rochester’s mistress, or to forsake the man she loves, jeopardizing her happiness. Abiding by God’s law, she leaves, believing that â€Å"God directed [her] to a correct choice† (366). Jane faces her fiercest tension when she faces St. John’s proposal to marry him and become a missionary’s wife. She desires to continue in God’s will, telling St. John that â€Å"I will give my heart to God†, but knows that marrying him goes against her every desire. She wishes to be free from St. John; she desires her independence. She nearly submits, were she â€Å"but convinced that it is God’s will† that she marry St. John (426). She prays for Heaven to â€Å"show [her] the path† (426). Jane truly seeks God’s will, and in return, â€Å"seemed to penetrate very near a Mighty Spirit† (427). Her devotion to God is rewarded as she prays in her â€Å"different way to St. John’s† (427). God releases Jane from a life married to St. John and allows her to return to Rochester and become his wife. Jane’s faith in God allows her to make virtuous

Martin Luther Kings Usage of Ethos Pathos Mythos and...

Martin Luther Kings Usage of Ethos Pathos Mythos and Logos On August 28, 1963 more than 250,000 civil-rights supporters attended the March on Washington. Addressing the protesters from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial, Martin Luther King Jr. delivered his famous I Have a Dream speech. Profoundly, he proclaimed for a free nation of equality where all race would join together in the effort to achieve common ground. King stated his yearning for all colors to unite and be judged by character, not by race. African Americans would not be satisfied until their desire for freedom from persecution, bitterness, and hatred prevailed. Not only were the points in his speech powerful, but also the delivery he gave was so persuading and real†¦show more content†¦King did not want African Americans to express a feeling of hatred toward all white people. He made an excellent point when mentioning, #8230;not lead us to distrust of all white people, for many of our white brothers, as evidenced by their presence here today, have come to realize that their destiny is tied up with our destiny#8230; By presenting this point in his speech Martin Luther King made known to everyone that he is a man of great character and honor. Another style King presented quite well was ethos, which is his credibility on his speech. Of course he portrayed this effectively because he himself is an African American, and he knows exactly what kind of segregation and discrimination his black brothers are experiencing. King gives an example by saying, We can never be satisfied as long as our bodies, heavy with fatigue of travel, cannot gain lodging in the motels of the highways and the hotels of the cities#8230;as long as the Negros basic mobility is from a smaller ghetto to a larger one. He goes on to say, Some of you have come fresh from narrow cells#8230;from areas where your quest for freedom left you battered by the storms of persecution and staggered by the winds of police brutality. Not a day would go by that somewhere a black person was treated unequally because of the color of his skin. Martin Luther King addressed to the people such real

Different Types Of Media Like Newspaper-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: What Is The Different Types Of Media Like Newspaper? Answer: Introducation It is well established that different types of media like newspaper, tv news and internet have significant impact on the health outcome of the Australian people. Healthcare professionals are aware of this fact that people are sensitive to media reports and make their perceptions about the health based on the media coverage. Media has substantial power to set agendas, frame stories and influence the public. Hence, healthcare professionals are considering these facts while providing healthcare service to the people. Healthcare professionals have challenging task to convince people to focus on healthy aspects of media reports and to ignore unhealthy aspects of media reports. Swine influenza (H1N1) pandemic is the recent example of media reports which creates havoc in the public. Reports of this pandemic could have been presented in more ways incorporating preliminary preventive measures. Public would have adopted these preventive measures more rapidly if it would have been displayed in the mass media. It is difficult for the healthcare professionals to communicate this message to everyone. Different types of media are being followed by Australian people. These include free-to-air television, newspapers, radio and social media. Older people are more inclined towards free-to-air television, radio and newspapers, while younger generation is more inclined towards social media as compared to other three medias. It is estimated that approximately 90 %, 70 %, 60 % and 75 % younger people below 40 age are following free-to-air, radio, newspaper and social media respectively. Females (72 %) are more inclined towards social media as compared to the males (59 %) (Antheunis et al., 2013). Males 70 % are more inclined towards newspapers as compared to females 59 %. Males 33 % are more inclined towards tv as compared to females 22 %. People living with partner 76 % without children more prefer to read newspapers as compared to living alone 61 % or living with children 67 %. Par ents living with children (80 %) prefer to listen to radio as compared to the living alone (71 %) or living without children (73 %). People in the high socioeconomic class avail facilities of all types of media as compared to the people in the low socioeconomic class. Scholars in the high schools and the universities get benefit of all types media as compared to the average students. People with the attitude of negative thoughts and those are negligent towards health-related issues, prefer to use social media (Coiera, 2006; Moran and Keating, 2009). Presence of specific class of people in the media also has influence on that class of people in the society. In Australia, approximately 15 % older people above 65 age are there. However, presence of older people in the media is very low. 4.7 % and 6.6 % people above age 65 are present in advertisement and editorial media respectively in Australia. Hence, most of the reports related to the health issues are mainly focused on the younger generation. As a result, older people are not getting accountable benefits in terms of health issues from the Australian medias. Those people who are not constructive of their own lives cant avail benefits of media for improving their health. It has been observed that older people are not giving much attention to the media for maintaining healthy life. However, people away from their families are more reliant on the media for availing benefits for health-related issues (Wakefield et al., 2010). Focusing on specific class of people can have psychological influence on this class of people. In media, most of the reports indicate that women and older people are being victimised due to domestic and social issues. It can have psychological impact on the women and older people. Hence, it may lead to depressive state and negative attribute towards health-related issues. As a result, it is evident that women and older people happened to be sick in more numbers. Older people also complained that negative media reports are responsible for changing their perception about their health. Media reports stated that more money is necessary for the treatment of older people. Hence, these people are keeping themselves away from availing medical treatments (Delgado and Zhou, 2008; De Abreu et al., 2017). It is evident that traditional media like radio and newspaper are insufficient in providing scientifically accurate information related to the health. Few media persons and doctors also agreed that these media failed to communicate health related issues in an effective manner. Hence, it calls for research to improve applications of media in healthcare services. Most of the medias present reports of health implications, however little work has been done to improve its reach to all the people of different classes and different cultures. Most significant obstacle for the effective implementation of media in health promotion is different goals and values of journalists and healthcare professionals. Journalists and healthcare professionals have different concepts of validity, objectivity and significance. Journalists prefer to be anecdotal instead of following statistical evidence. Journalists prefer to display controversies instead of agreement. Statistical significance and agreement are having significant role in improving quality of health and positive medical reporting. Other barriers for the positive medical reporting include lack of medical training for the journalists, time constraints imposed by news production houses and commercial aspects in selecting news and stories (Snow, 2008). News reporters job is to look critically in the health issue and write a story in a balanced, factual and accurate manner. However, it would be difficult for the news reporter to understand complexity of the medical research and present it to the public in simple language which is understandable for everyone. It can lead to the miscommunication and negatively impact health of the people. These stories might exaggerate health issue, generate false hopes and unnecessary fears among the people. Reporters need to understand medical language, procedures and topics before translating this information to the public. However, it is not true to all the media houses. Few media houses, pro ducers and editors are concerned about the pubic health and assist healthcare professional and healthcare organisations in promotion of health. Media persons need to make their articles and stories interesting so that it become appealing to the general public. Media houses should avoid story form the single side. Media houses should take care that there should not be showcase of advertisements which negatively impact health of the public. Australian Division of General Practice stated that advertisement of unhealthy snacks containing high salt and sugar lead to rise in the overweigh and obese people in Australia (Marinescu and Mitu, 2016). Points need to be considered while incorporating news in print, online and tv media include novelty of the medial treatment or medical procedure to the Australia, alternative options for the treatment, evidence based validation of the treatment, benefit to risk ratio of the treatment in absolute or relative terms, cost to harm ratio of the treatment, sources of the information, and conflict of interest. Conflict of interest was the major issue during the swine flu pandemic in Australia. Few media agencies were presenting news about vaccine companies with whom they had conflict of interest instead of presenting news about companies possessing good quality vaccine. ABC news channel running science programme Catalyst. In this programme, two series were broadcasted on questioning link between the rise in cholesterol level and risk of cardiovascular diseases. As a result, there was significant fall in the use of cholesterol lowering drugs by the public. In reality, this is not the case. C holesterol lowering drugs like statins are developed after tremendous efforts by the scientific community and these medications are best in the market for lowering cholesterol. This ABC broadcast made significant negative impact on the health of many people because they chose to stay away from these medications. Same type of case happened about the media reports of hormone replacement therapy. Misleading reports by the media houses about the hormone replacement therapy lead to the dramatic fall in the use of hormonal replacement therapy by menopausal women. In few cases, health related news can increase sale of product like iodised salt. In a program, it was presented that deficiency of iodine can cause brain damage in children. As a result, people wish to provide more amount of iodine to their children. It leads to the dramatic increase in the sale of iodised salt in Australia for a specific time. Even tough, such programmes presented for one or two days, it can impact public for t he longer duration. Hence, media persons should take precautions while presenting health news because it is easy to scare people as compared to unscare them. Medical journals send their media releases about the breakthrough research in the medical filed. In such cases, media houses should not exaggerate the topic because breakthrough research needs validation. In such scenario, public should not run behind such product or discovery without proper validation. These types of exaggerated news might prove to be beneficial for the scientist, however, it might not be immediately beneficial to the public. Media houses should clearly mention these points. Australian Press Council (APC) warned against such news without scientific validation (Kline, 2006; Martinson, 2005). Media houses should validate scientific basis before presenting news related to the medical treatment. Presenting news without any proof can have negative impact on the public health. All types media can reach people with multilingual, multicultural and different socioeconomic classes. Hence, these medias should be effectively used for the health promotion of diverse cultures and socioeconomic classes. Newspaper and radio can reach to people of all the cultures and all socio-economic classes. However, television may not reach to the people with low socioeconomic background. Moreover, newspaper and radio can be accessed at any places. Hence, these media can be utilized for the health promotion for 7 days and 24 hours. Influence of media on the public can be determined by the status of the people in the society. Social media and television should be utilised in the society of high-socioeconomic class and radio and newspaper should be utilised in the society of low-socioeconomic class (Hodgetts et al., 2008). Mass media health promotion campaigns have important role in managing public health issues. It can be done by influencing public behaviour. Mass media campaigns on health issues and its causal factors for youth can prevent risky behaviour and improvement in health. Mass media messages like health impacts of alcohol dinking and risks of drinking during driving can lead to controlled drinking in youth. Showcasing detrimental effects of smoking can reduce smoking in youth and consequently prevention of smoking associated diseases (Chapman, 2007). World health organisation stated that accurate information is helpful in changing behaviour of the public. Mass media proved to be most significant station for providing accurate information to the public. According to the AMIA (Digital Industry Association of Australia) approximately % of Australian youth are using internet and social media. Hence, this mass media campaign would be helpful in improving health of the Australian youth (Ventola, 2014; Naveena, 2015). It has been observed that people of the aboriginal origin are having low life expectancy with increased rates of chronic disease like diabetes, kidney diseases and asthma. It can be well correlated with the media reports about people of aboriginal origin. According to report of Public Health Advocacy Institute Western Australia (PHAIWA), in last 10 years, 74 % of the reports related to people of aboriginal origin were negative. Only 15 % news were positive and 11 % news were neutral about Aboriginal people. Negative news broadcasted about Aboriginal people include fall in employment rate of these people, 5 times more rate of death in aboriginal youth as compared to other youth and approximately 25 % of total prisoners in Australia are Aboriginals while their population is approximately 2.5 % of the total population. Negative news also include alcohol, child abuse, petrol sniffing, violence, suicide, deaths in custody and crime. In these news, Aboriginal people were portrayed as drunk s and violent perpetrators. This lead to the development of racist attitude in the population. Racist attitude among the people have major impact on the health of the people. These types of negative news about the Aboriginal people, lead to the physical and psychological illness in these people. These news about Aboriginal people were mentioned in the print media like The West Australian, The Australian, The Sunday Times and ABC Online news service. In case of these Aboriginal people, it is not wise to give complete blame to media. These media broadcasts might be in response to the comments by the advocates. However, media could have presented these reports in a positive way which could have brought positive changes in these people. Most of the media presented only half story and didnt presented scope for the future. Journalists should mention about the life, culture and concerns of the Aboriginal people which would bring positive change in these people. Media agencies should promot e cultural diversity of the Aboriginal people (Wakefield et al., 2010).; In conclusion, media can be used as most effective channel for communicating health related issues to the public. Public health professionals should utilise social media along with traditional media because increasing number of people are moving towards social media. There should be specialist reporters for healthcare sector with sound basic technical knowledge, gatekeeping and thoughtful approach and investigative capability. Media should be used strategically for public health communications. It would be helpful in minimizing faults and maximizing benefits of media in public health communications.; References: Antheunis, M.L., Tates, K., and Nieboer, T.E. (2013). Patients' and health professionals' use of social media in health care: motives, barriers and expectations. Patient Education and Counseling, 92(3), 426-31. Chapman, S. (2007). Public health advocacy and tobacco control: making smoking history. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. Coiera, E. (2006). Communication Systems in Healthcare. Clinical Biochemist Reviews, 27(2), 8998. Delgado, M., and Zhou, H. (2008). Youth-led Health Promotion in Urban Communities: A Community Capacity-enhancement. Rowman Littlefield Publishers. De Abreu, B. S., Mihailidis, P., Lee, A.Y.L., Melki, J., and McDougall, J. (2017). International Handbook of Media Literacy Education. Taylor Francis. Hodgetts, D., Chamberlain, K., Scammell, M., Karapu, R., Waimarie, N.L. (2008). Constructing health news: possibilities for a civic-oriented journalism. Health, 12, 43-66. Kline, K.N. (2006). A decade of research on health content in the media: the focus on health challenges and sociocultural context and attendant informational and ideological problems. Journal of Health Communication, 11, 43-59. Lee Ventola, C. (2014). Social Media and Health Care Professionals: Benefits, Risks, and Best Practices. Pharmacy Therapeutics, 39(7), 491-499. Marinescu, V., and Mitu, B. (2016). The Power of the Media in Health Communication. Routledge. Martinson, B.E., and Hindman, D.B. (2005). Building a health promotion agenda in local newspapers. Health Education Research, 20, 51-60. Moran, A., and Keating, C. (2009). The A to Z of Australian Radio and Television. Scarecrow Press. Naveena, N. (2015). Importance of Mass Media in Communicating Health Messages: An Analysis. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 20(2), 36-41. Snow, J. (2008). How the media are failing the health service. British Medical Journal, 337, a572. Wakefield, M. A., Loken, B., and Hornik, R. C. (2010). Use of mass media campaigns to change health behaviour. Lancet, 376(9748), 12611271.

Social Communication in Nation Building Essay Example

Social Communication in Nation Building Essay The basis of nationality is the sense of belonging to the same nation and the desire on the part of its members to live with each other at this level of community. When the political scientist wants to de fine or locate this subjective sense of community, he has used such objective criteria as common language, common history, common territory, and so forth. It is clear that ail these criteria are an expression of something more basic—shared experience. This shared experience, which may lead to the necessary mutual trust among members of a given society and to the feeling that this group as a group is different from others, contributes continuously to national unity. National unity likewise makes shared experience more possible. To determine the human and geographie frontiers of a nation the political scientist must find ways to examine this shared experience. The problems in the Tiers Monde are greater with regard to such research than they are in Europe because much of the necessary data are not available. Research at very basic levels with some new methods is necessary. Karl W. Deutsch, professor of political science at Yale University, has proposed a quantitative interdisciplinary way to examine shared experience and, indirectly, the sense of community. 1 He suggests that one measure the quantities of communications among a given people to find out how much contact they have. We will write a custom essay sample on Social Communication in Nation Building specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Social Communication in Nation Building specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Social Communication in Nation Building specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer For this one must use criteria such as flows of letters, telegrams, movement of vehicles, trains, planes, telephone calls, mass media of communication, location of markets, settlement patterns, and population movements, he says. If it is possible to examine these different forms of communication, or as many as possible of them, it is equally possible, he says, to estimate shared experience and make predictions about increases or decreases in shared experience. The first stage in this process, that of physical contact, is called mobilization. People who have intensive communications with each other are mobilized1 for shared experiences and are mobiliz-ed into a current of communications which may eventually change a physical relationship into an affective relationship. The second stage is a change in the sentiments and attitudes of the people; it is called assimilation. People find that, on the basis of shared experience, they communicate increasingly more effectively with members of a particular society than with others. In other words, when the communication habits of a population become ncreasingly standardized within a group composed of smaller groups, assimilation of the smaller groups to the larger one is occurring: If the statistical weight of standardized experience is large, and the weight of recalled information within the [smaller] group is relatively small, and the statistical weight of feedback information about the [smaller] groups peculiar responses is likewise small, then the responses of such a group woul d differ from the responses of other groups in the same situation by a converging series, until the remaining differences might fall below the threshold of political significance. This is the process of assimilation. 2 People may also find that there are advantages to be gained in belong-ing to this new community, but there may never be a conscious choice which is made. Because a study of assimilation is a study of beliefs, values and conceptions, different kinds of data are necessary. Professor Deutsch says that there are also quantifiable. According to him, the rate of assimilation depends on certain linguistic, economie, and cultural balances: similarities in linguistic habits must be balanced, for example, against differences in value, material rewards for assimilation must be balanced against rewards for non-assimilation. To measure values he says it is necessary to give psychological tests to considerable numbers of people3 and to measure rewards it is necessary, in part, to examine economie surveys to determine where people work and how much they get paid. The problems involved in using these criteria are insurmontable at present. The data for these balances are lacking, and even if one had the men, the money, the machines, and the time necessary, or as many as possible of them, it is equally possible, he says, to estimate shared experience and make predictions about increases or decreases in shared experience. The first stage in this process, that of physical contact, is called mobilization. People who have intensive communications with each other are mobilized1 for shared experiences and are mobiliz-ed into a current of communications which may eventually change a physical relationship into an affective relationship. The second stage is a change in the sentiments and attitudes of the people; it is called assimilation. People find that, on the basis of shared experience, they communicate increasingly more effectively with members of a particular society than with others. In other words, when the communication habits of a population become increasingly standardized within a group composed of smaller groups, assimilation of the smaller groups to the larger one is occurring: If the statistical weight of standardized experience is large, and the weight of recalled information within the [smaller] group is relatively small, and the statistical weight of feedback information about the [smaller] groups peculiar responses is likewise small, then the responses of such a group would differ from the responses of other groups in the same situation by a converging series, until the remaining differences might fall below the threshold of political significance. This is the process of assimilation. 2 People may also find that there are advantages to be gained in belong-ing to this new community, but there may never be a conscious choice which is made. Because a study of assimilation is a study of beliefs, values and conceptions, different kinds of data are necessar y. Professor Deutsch says that there are also quantifiable. According to him, the rate of assimilation depends on certain linguistic, economie, and cultural balances: similarities in linguistic habits must be balanced, for example, against differences in value, material rewards for assimilation must be balanced against rewards for non-assimilation. To measure values he says it is necessary to give psychological tests to considerable numbers of people3 and to measure rewards it is necessary, in part, to examine economie surveys to determine where people work and how much they get paid. 4 The problems involved in using these criteria are insurmontable at present. The data for these balances are lacking, and even if one had the men, the money, the machines, and the time necessary, villages or in the same village. These quantifiable data served as a basis for a study of mobilization. In order to validate conclusions based on the quantitative census data I took a tour of the country during which I visited every region and lived in a few selected villages for periods of three days to a week. In the course of this tour I found that one way to investigate attitudes and assimilation was by oral histories and conceptions of kinship. My use of these histories was different from that of Professor Hubert Deschamps who had made an extensive tour of the country in 1961 to collect and record oral histories as part of a large project to write the history of Gabon. 1 As an historian he was naturally interest-ed in recording the facts of the past. For me, as a political scientist, the truth was irrelevant. I was interested in history as ideology: how were present relationships between tribes justified in the history, what was the place held by neighboring tribes in a given history, how were history and conceptions of kinship infmenced by present settlement patterns. I thought that these two criteria, settlement patterns and histories, could serve as a basis for estimations of trends in assimilation and mobilization and could show the relationship between non-quantifiable attitudes and quantifiable social communications. The following are some of my findings. Mobilization Gabon may be crudely divided into three generai zones of mobilization: places where people are relatively non-mobilized, where they are partially mobilized, and where they are mobilized for intensive contact with people of different ethnie groups. I have called these zones Heartland, Contact, and National. The Heartland Zone is a group of contiguous cantons in which one ethnie group or tribe clearly predominates with at least 80% of the total population. Internai communication is fairly good and may be better than means which link the area with other parts of the country. Contact Zones are on the edges of Heartland Zones; from about 50% to 80% of the people belong to one tribe. Such zones are cantons in which people of different tribes live in adjoining villages or in the same village; or they are centers of attraction such as administrative posts and markets to which people from different Heartlands travel regularly. They are most likely along roads and rivers which provide a link between Heartland Zones. There may be more mechanical means of communication in a Contact Zone than in a Heartland. National Zones are groups of contiguous cantons and large centers of attraction in which no tribe accounts for 50% of the total population. The internai means of communication are best here: they are public, mechanical, and regular. It is usually the one place where most decisions affecting the whole country are made. A. A Heartland. The largest Heartland in Gabon is that of the Fang who account for one-third of the total population of the country. 1 The center of this Heartland orresponds with the administrative region of Woleu-Ntem in the northern half of the country along the Camerounese frontier. The region is relatively isolated from the rest of Gabon but has regular contact with Cameroun and Spanish Guinea by land and water. The only road to Libreville has been in poor condition even during the dry s eason; the rains often close the road completely. While there is regular air and telegraphie communication between Libreville and administrative centers of Woleu-Ntem, there is no regular land transportation. By contrast, fair roads extend into Cameroun and Spanish Guinea where close relatives of the Fang, the Bulu, live. Merchandise is imported along these routes while coffee and cocoa exports leave Woleu-Ntem through the Cameroun. 2 Some Fang take advantage of the road to the Cameroun to attend Camerounese technical schools and go to Camerounese hospitals (particularly a missionary-run hospital not far from the frontier). Radio Cameroun is a popular source of information and entertainment. For 14 of the 16 cantons of Woleu Ntem there is a regular service of autocars which link the administrative centers of the region. For example, two little Renault cars leave Oyem, the administrative capital, every day for each canton except that of Medouneu to the far west and Lalara to the south. There are frequent cars from Oyem or Bitam to Spanish Guinea and Cameroun. Another means of internai communication has been a regional newspaper published by some Fang teachers. In 1962 it contained mainly Fang stories and essays on the true Fang custom. In spite 1. For studies of the Fang see Georges Balandier, Sociologie actuelle de lAfrique Noire, Paris, 1963. P. Alexandre and J. Binet, Le Groupe dit Pahouin, Paris, 1958. James Fernandez, Redistributive Acculturation in Fang Culture, unpublished, Northwestern, 1963. 2. Neither Libreville nor Port-Gentil, which are both on the ocean, have a port which can adequately accomodate large ships. f the great preponderance of Fang in the region, it was printed in French and was issued in only 75 copies. About 55,000 out of a total adult population of 56,500, or 98% are Fang in this region. 1 In the canton of Woleu, for example, there are 5,531 Africans of whom 5,473 are Fang. Non-Fang live in well-defined quarters in the town of Oyem; most of these people are Bulu merchants from southern Cameroun or Bakota who have moved from a neighboring region to work as servants or to attend a Roman Catholic secondary school. While these foreigners move into the Woleu-Ntem, the present Fang residents are fairly stationary. The census indicates that 80% of the men between the ages of 15 and 59 were born in the place the census taker found them. However, only 12% of the women were born in the place they were counted. 2 This does not mean that many Fang have not moved outside the Woleu-Ntem for many have; it means that Fang maies, who still live in the region, have an interest in continuing to live in the village where they were born and that they find wives outside their village. Several women in each of the villages along the Guinea and Cameroun frontiers indicated that they were born in these neighboring states. Contiguous with the Woleu-Ntem are eight cantons which are an extension of the Heartland. The Fang have moved into these particul-ar cantons partly because the ways of communication exist. For example, the administrative region of Ogooue-Ivindo has three cantons adjacent to the Fang Heartland. In two of these cantons the Fang represent 80% or more of the total population and in the third they represent only 2% of the total population. The difference is that the two cantons with high Fang percentages are linked to the Woleu-Ntem by a river and a road while the other has no such link. In the sixteen cantons of Woleu-Ntem plus the eight cantons in adjacent regions which constitute the Heartland there are 70,000 Fang out of a total Fang population in Gabon of 106,000. On the basis of settlement patterns 66% of the Fang are, therefore, non-mobilized. Their contacts are almost exclusively with other Fang. Table I indicates that over half the Gabonese have no contact with people of tribes different from their own. Not ail the tribes of Gabon have Heartlands; of those who do have Heartlands 62% live in them. The total population of the country (14 and older) was approximately 285 000. 3 If the total population 1. Unless otherwise noted ail census figures refer to people 14 and older. 2. Recensement et enquete demographiques ic6o-ic6i: Resultats provisoires ensemble du Gabon, Service de Cooperation de lInstitut National de la Statistique et des Etudes economiques, Paris, 1963, p. 24. 3. Ail the calculations, unless otherwise noted, are my own; they are based

Definition and Examples of Symbolic Action

Definition and Examples of Symbolic Action A term used by 20th-century rhetorician Kenneth Burke to refer in general to systems of communication that rely on symbols. Symbolic Action According to Burke In Permanence and Change (1935), Burke distinguishes human language as symbolic action from the linguistic behaviors of nonhuman species. In Language as Symbolic Action (1966), Burke states that all language is inherently persuasive because symbolic acts do something as well as say something. Books such as Permanence and Change (1935) and Attitudes Toward History (1937) explore symbolic action in such areas as magic, ritual, history, and religion, while A Grammar of Motives (1945) and A Rhetoric of Motives work out what Burke calls the dramatistic basis of all symbolic action. (Charles L. ONeill, Kenneth Burke. Encyclopedia of the Essay, ed. by Tracy Chevalier. Fitzroy Dearborn, 1997) Language and Symbolic Action Language is a species of action, symbolic actionand its nature is such that it can be used as a tool. . . .I define literature as a form of symbolic action, undertaken for its own sake.(Kenneth Burke, Language as Symbolic Action. Univ. of California Press, 1966)To comprehend symbolic action, [Kenneth] Burke dialectically compares it with practical action. The chopping down of a tree is a practical act whereas the writing about the chopping of a tree is a symbolic art. The internal reaction to a situation is an attitude, and the externalization of that attitude is a symbolic action. Symbols can be used for practical purposes or for sheer joy. For instance, we may use symbols to earn a living or because we like to exercise our ability to use them. However philosophically distinct the two are, they often overlap.(Robert L. Heath, Realism and Relativism: A Perspective on Kenneth Burke. Mercer Univ. Press, 1986)The lack of a clear definition of symbolic action in The Philosophy of Literar y Form [Kenneth Burke, 1941] is not the weakness some might imagine it to be, for the idea of symbolic action is just a beginning point. Burke is simply distinguishing between broad classes of human experience, with the intention of confining his discussion to the dimensions of action in language. Burke is more interested in how we craft language into a strategic or stylized answer (that is, in how symbolic action works) than in defining symbolic action in the first place. (Ross Wolin, The Rhetorical Imagination of Kenneth Burke. Univ. of South Carolina Press, 2001) Multiple Meanings The conclusion to be drawn from setting various definitions of symbolic action side by side is that [Kenneth] Burke does not mean the same thing every time he uses the term. . . . An examination of the many uses of the term reveals that it has three separate but interrelated meanings . . .: linguistic, representative, and purgative-redemptive. The first includes all verbal action; the second covers all acts which are representative images of the essential self; and the third includes all acts with a purgative-redemptive function. Clearly, symbolic action includes much more than poetry; and clearly, almost anything from the full range of human action could be a symbolic act in one or more of the senses given above. . . .Burkes almost dogmatic assertion that all poetic acts are always symbolic acts in all three meanings is one of the unique features of his system. His argument is that though any act may be symbolic in one or more ways, all poems are always representative, purgative-redemptive acts. This means that every poem is the true image of the self which created it, and that every poem performs a purgative-redemptive function for the self. (William H. Ruec kert, Kenneth Burke and the Drama of Human Relations, 2nd ed. Univ. of California Press, 1982)

NURSE PRESCRIBING (the subject area is HEALTH VISITING) Essay

NURSE PRESCRIBING (the subject area is HEALTH VISITING) - Essay Example The actions that has been taken so far should also be recorded and any kind of medication that the Kellie may have received. When the drug history is being recorded, there should be a reference on any OTC and any other therapies that Kellie could have used before. These are like the herbal or the homeopathic remedies. It may hard for Shelly to give this information as some of the remedies used may not appear to have any effect. Thus making her understand what is means of alternative therapies is important. At this point it is important to note of any drug allergies that Kellie could have and they be noted in her notes. When Shelly presents the condition of her child, it is imperative to bear in mind that alternative treatment options ought to be taken into consideration prior to writing a prescription. With this, there are things that need to be considered. The first thing is the diagnostic recognized? The symptoms that appear in Kellies have to be assessed so as to be sure of the diagnostic. In the case of Kellie, the presence of egg cases discarded on the head ought to be investigated. These usually attach themselves on the shaft of the hair, and they remain even after the head lice have cleared. These however may not assure the presence of head lice. Thus one should continue and look for at least the presence of a head louse. The other thing that should be considered is if a GP referral is shown. In the case of Kellie there was no referral that was present. The nurse also ought to consider if any prescription is required at all. This can only be given in cases where the need is genuine. It should be born in mind that some patients may want to get a prescription for some other reasons other than to get treated for their illnesses. Thus before the nurse prescribes any medication for Kellie should make sure that she is infested with head lice and that she does not want to gain her mother’s attention. The health visitor should also do a physical

Case study Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 7

Case study - Assignment Example However, the author also notices that there are situations that fixing may not be a good option, when the employee shows disinterest in the duties and underperforms, this may affect the other employees performances and the department or company’s position (46). In this case, firing is the better option. An effective employment termination plan should include these three key things. First, the plan should have a way that prevents the employee from seeking delay or postponement of the process by seeking help from the authority above the immediate manager or to other departments (52). This is avoided by having the communication about the termination received and supported by the supervisors above you and other departments such as human resource approval. Secondly, the plan should include activities immediately to secure the companys assets that were under the employee (53). This is done through change of passwords, repossession of rights and materials and escorting of the terminated employee to make sure he or she leaves the compound as fast as possible. The third requirement of the plan is to have administrative support and presence in the termination process (55). This helps to have a witness and to indicate that the decision has been made with the involvement of all the administrat ion. Underperformance in any business is costly and brings the company down in an effort to reach their goals. This is the main reason the managers should always monitor the employees’ performance and make decisions related to fixing or firing employees. Some employees however may try to rationalize their underperformance. First, the underperforming employees may appear to follow the example of another employee who underperforms and the company or the manager does nothing about it (46). They, therefore, feel that the level of performance demonstrated by this employee is acceptable. Secondly, the employees may use the

Nightmare Before Christmas | Analysis

Nightmare Before Christmas | Analysis Tim Burton rings in my ears as one of Hollywoods most eccentric directors. There is a distinct and unique phenomenon in his films: the genre of his most films are between animation films and real person films; his animation films overturn the world of traditional fairy tales, showing the darkness of horror, but did not give us the feel of fear. Nightmare before Christmas, which reflects his typical paradigm, is a fantasy mixed of horror, magic, darkness, holidays, the jolly guys, and an interesting skeleton. The features of Nightmare before Christmas have a similarity with Bakhtins theory of carnivalesque. In Bakhtins view, everyone lives a carnivalistic life as long as those carnival laws. His feel of carnival is full of grotesque realism, which can get rid of the horrable things in the world. And the grotesque style can also turn the world into a bright and cheerful one. (Bakhtin,1989). There is always a feel of carnival surrounded in Nightmare before Christmas. Because of the feel, audience can get away from the fear successfully. On the other hand, Bakhtin believes that carnivalistic life is a life drawing out of its usual rut; it is to some extent life turned inside out, the reverse side of the world.( Bakhtin,1989) Similarly, Burton sets two worlds to make a comparision: the human world and underground world; the grotesque world of Halloween and the happy world of Christmas. The confrontation of the two worlds represents Burtons inclination. The happy world is boring while the eerie wolrd is vivid and interesting. In my Nightmare before Christmas lingers on the edge of conventional culture and popular culture, it challenges the conventional culture and queries on the popular culture. So Burton makes an utmost effort to prove the rationality of his subversion in this film. It takes delight in talking about Burtons Gothic darkness of horror. The story happens in the world of ghosts and monsters where we are totally un familiar. The vampire bats, red eye demon , black monsters and even the wretched green, these gothic images are everywhere in the film. They stand in stark contrast to the simplicity of traditional animation films. However, the audience feel more closer to them and come to realize their subsistence status trenchantly. The American animation films have a heroism complex, but Burton deconstructs our expectation of the traditional hero. In Nightmare before Christmas, the character Jack is frightful and he has no mission to save the world. Other character is treated equally, eg. the pet comes along with Jack is soul of a dog instead of a brilliant white horse. More importantly, Burton wants to create a balance between creepy and interesting. So he gives life to the grotesquery Jack who actually is virtuous. He demonstrates the characters individual emotions and action which has no relationship with hero. Specificly, the modeling of Jacks eyes are just two black holes which thoroughly give expression to the meaning of the character. Lets turn to the other film: No Country for Old Men In this film No Country for Old Men the genre pushes the envelope of sanity. It is an unconventional western film, mixed with action, crime drama and dark humor. The McCarthys novel No Country for Old Men is an ideal vehicle for the Coen brothers, who have used violence and emptiness laced with dark humor as an artistic aesthetic in their directing careers. The films greatest achievement is its ability to transport the audience into a world where the predestination, death, fears, choices, morals and realities of life are strikingly brought to life and make the audience reflect upon and look back with careful consideration after the whole experience. The violence and bleakness of it all is not to simply evoke reaction or engage the audience, it is to tell a story and impart an experience of great intention, to which the Coens have brilliantly succeeded. To some extent, this film is a character study of Sheriff Bell, an honest lawman who is wise, observant, grounded in reality, and has a long memory. No Country for Old Men is really his story. And also, The Coen brothers direction of the particularly intense chase scenes between Chigurgh and Moss are masterful, evoking emotions of suspense to the highest level and pushing the audience to the very edge of their seats. At the same time the movie is a character study on the effects of evil and innocence lost, an exploration on the themes of fate and chance, an analysis of the freedom to choose and its consequences, a reflection on evil and good as forces of society and the investigation of basic human emotions such as hope, fear, love, violence and aspiration in the face of a variety of situations. The ending of the film is about death. Faced with the overwhelming fact of death, all of us humans find meaning only by making up their own spiritual codes. The murderers code, the good old boys code, the sheriffs code, the wifes codethey are all equally meaningless, equally inadequate in the face of death, but they are all perfectly legitimate responses to the fact of universal death. The film is also about predestination and free will, Chigurgh doesnt believe in free will, I got here the same way the coin did , he is almost like a robot , and scientifically he is totally right we dont have free will , Chigurgh is not guilty , he just has killer genes and his mother didnt hug him so thats why he turned out to be this way, there are no choices in matter , just cause and effect , only quantum psychics can show some difference. In conclusion, Film genres can take culture as very important elements into consideration. And also, we can characterize a culture by its genre set. Obviously through the film review, we can see that genre can function as a tool to define and describe a culture. Heroes and Villains: Historical Analysis Heroes and Villains: Historical Analysis Heroes, Villains or Both? Austin Rappel What I found most interesting in this weeks readings was the myths behind the men; specifically Ulysses S. Grant, general in chief of the United States Army, William T. Sherman, general in The United States Army and Abraham Lincoln, president of the United States. Grant was considered a drunk, Whatever happened, the story of his drinking became a staple of gossip in the old army. (McPherson, pg.114) Sherman was considered crazy; But Sherman could never entirely escape the reputation of madness (McPherson, pg 114) Lincoln was considered passive: a basic trait of character evident throughout Lincolns life: the essential passivity of his nature. (McPherson, pg. 206) I think it is important to determine if these things were true or if there is enough evidence to ever know for sure the mindset or character of the men that are known to us as the men that defined and ultimately were the victors of the Civil War. Grant quickly rose through the ranks during the Civil War; command of a brigade, a division, an army (Army of Tennessee), an army group, an all of the armies of the United States. (McPherson, pg 110) These accomplishments are a big contrast to what one could consider could be an accomplished by a drunkard. Brooks Simpson , a biographer concluded, Although Grant sometimes took a drink during the war, and may on occasion have taken two, his colleagues who knew him best and were in the best position to observe him were unanimous in their testimony that he was rarely if ever drunk. (McPherson, pg. 114) Grant was also given the reputation as a butcher when the general most deserving of the title was Robert E. Lee. (McPherson, pg 113) Sherman is best known for his March to the Sea; a march of over 700 miles, in which psychological warfare was used in order to stop the war. As stated in McPherson, The terror that his soldiers provoked among Southern whites was a power, he wrote, and I intended to utilize it to humble their pride, to follow them to their inmost recesses, and to make them fear and dread usà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ We cannot change the hearts and minds of those people of the South, but we can make war so terrible and make them so sick of war that generations would pass away before they would again appeal to it.(McPherson, pg. 124) As stated in the article by Matt Carr, General Shermans March to the Sea, Shermans plan was to attack the infrastructure of the south and therefore end the war; After more than three years of violent and seemingly endless conflict, Sherman had decided to take the conflict beyond the battlefield and subject Georgia to a level of devastation that would make its population realise that w ar and ruin are synonymous terms. (pg. 30) Its hard to imagine that these strategies were those of a crazy man. Lincoln, the 16th president of the United States and the author of many documents most notably the Emancipation Proclamation was seen at least by one biographer, David Herbert Donald, to be passive. However, as stated in McPherson, at the very outset of his presidency Lincoln demonstrated traits that were the opposite of what Donald calls his essentially passive personality. (McPherson, pg. 207) Its hard to believe that the man that set into motion the Civil War and wrote one of our most historical documents has a passive personality. Maybe the passivity noted by some is more a compassion than anything else. As stated in, Lincolns Legacy, Lincoln Lives Through His Words by Gail Fineberg, Lincolns first draft of the Emancipation Proclamation, which he presented to his cabinet on July 22, 1862. Nobody liked it Sellers said. Lincoln came back to his cabinet with a second draft in September, and admonished members to comment not on substance but on his style. (pg 38) The quote goes witho ut saying to the mindset of a determined man more so to the mindset of a passive man. Although it may never be known the actual character of Grant, Sherman or  Lincoln, it will be left up to the readers and historians perceptions of whether are not these men were heroes, villains or maybe a little of both during and after the Civil War. It goes without saying that these men, however viewed, will always be remembered for the mark they left on the Civil War and wars to come. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): Optimization Parameters Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): Optimization Parameters IGHODARO OGHOGHO UYIOSA Polymerase chain reaction (PCR): Evaluation of different optimization parameters for appropriate PCR process. Abstract PCR is a method used to produce relatively large amounts of a specific DNA sequence. The productivity of PCR method depends on different reaction conditions such as the concentration of the DNA template, concentration of magnesium ions, DNA template dilution and polymerase concentration. The aim of this study was to find optimal reaction conditions required for appropriate PCR process. To check the correct conditions the agarose gel and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were used. One single, strong amplified band and no unspecific product describe the most suitable amount of given conditions. In the results of this experiment, the most suitable annealing temperature was 62oC, the most proper amount of concentration of magnesium was 2nMol, and the best template dilution was 2 µl. The important parameters evaluated in this experiment were template optimisation, annealing temperatures and magnesium chloride concentrations with and without touchdown PCR. Introduction PCR is a simple, enzymatic assay, which allows for the amplification of a specific DNA fragment from a complex pool of DNA. PCR can be done using source DNA from a variety of tissues and organisms, including peripheral blood, skin, hair, saliva, and microbes. Only trace amounts of DNA are needed for PCR to generate enough copies to be analysed using conventional laboratory methods. For this reason, PCR is a sensitive assay (Lilit andNidhi 2013). To carry out a PCR it is essential to have the following reagents: DNA template, forward and reverse primers, PCR buffer, magnesium chloride (MgCl2), dNTP and DNA Taq polymerase. The annealing temperature allows for the annealing of the primers to the single stranded DNA. It depends on the length and composition of the primers. If the temperature is too high, then the primers will not anneal correctly, and if the annealing temperature is too low then the primers will anneal non-specifically (Hecker et al. 1996). Magnesium ions interact with the DNA polymerase enzyme during this process. The magnesium ion interacts with negatively charged molecules in the reaction. Positive ions of magnesium interact with the negatively charged DNA strands to mask the forces of repulsion (Markoulatos et al. 2002). Template DNA is a fragment of DNA which is needed to create required copies. DNA Taq polymerase is a polymerase enzyme, which is essential for DNA replication, this means that DNA polymerase synthesizes DNA molecules from their nucleotide building blocks (Huang et al. 1992). The nucleotides include the four bases – adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine (A, T, C, G) – that are found in DNA. These act as the building blocks that are used by the DNA polymerase to create the resultant PCR product. During this experiment, two methods were used to visualise the PCR products formed. These were Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and Agarose gel electrophoresis method. Electrophoresis is a separation procedure which is based on the separation of DNA fragments by size, shape and charge. The clue of this process is the mobility of ions in an electric field (nucleoid acids, which are negatively charged migrate to the anode – positive electrode) (Stellwagen, 1998). Aim The aim of this experiment was to assess which parameters as annealing temperature, concentration of magnesium, and template DNA influence DNA amplification efficiency and specificity. 2.0  Materials and methods This section was divided into two parts. In part A, a PCR reaction 1 set-up using optimised PCR mastermix was done, while in part B, a PCR reaction was set-up to test four different variables to optimise a PCR reaction. 2.1  Part A Setting up the PCR reaction A mastermix enough for four reactions was made. 30 µl of H2O, 50 µl of 2X PCR mastermix and 4 µl each of forward and reverse primers were pipetted and mixed in an Eppendorf tube from which, 24 µl of the mastermix was pipetted into three separate PCR tubes (i.e. tube 1, 2, and 3). 1 µl of sample DNA, 1 µl of 1/10 diluted DNA and 1 µl of H2O were added to each tubes respectively and each amplified on a PCR block running the following programme: Denaturing step done at 94oC for two minutes Amplification step done at 94oC for 30 seconds, 55oC for 30 seconds and 72oC for 1 minute. This step was repeated for 35 cycles. Finally, the extension step was done at 72oC for 3 minutes. Agarose gel electrophoresis (2% agarose gel for PCR) An agarose gel was submerged in a gel tank filled with TBE buffer. Then 5 µl of gel loading buffer was added to each sample and mixed. Next, the first well was loaded with the molecular weight marker and then 10 µl of each sample was loaded into each respective wells. Next, the gel was run for 45 minutes at 80V. Finally, the gel was visualised on the gel documentation system to show separation and migration of the DNA. 2.2  Part B PCR optimisation reaction For this protocol, PCR reactions were set up and individual components of the reactions were varied in other to optimise them as follows: Annealing temperature optimisation 17.75 µl of water, 2.5 µl of 10x reaction buffer, 0.75 µl of Magnesium Chloride (50mMol), 0.5 µl of dNTPs, 1 µl each of forward and reverse primers, 0.5 µl of Taq polymerase and 1 µl of DNA were pipetted into 5 separate tubes (i.e. tube 1, 2, 3, 4, 5) which were then placed on a gradient PCR block, with one tube at each of the following temperature 46oC, 52oC, 55oC, 58oC, and 65oC. Next, the PCR block was set to the following programme: Denaturing step at 94oC for two minutes Amplification step at 94oC for thirty seconds, 46-65oC for thirty seconds, and 72oC for one minute. This stage was repeated for thirty-five cycles. Finally, the extension step was done at 72oC for three minutes. Template optimisation A PCR mastermix containing 13.75 µl of water, 2.5 µl of 10x reaction buffer, 0.75 µl of 50mMol magnesium chloride, 0.5 µl dNTPs, 1 µl each of forward and reverse primer and 0.5 µl of Taq polymerase were pipetted into five tubes. Next, 5, 2, 1, 0.1, and 0.01 µl of template DNA and, 0, 3, 4, 4.9. 4.99 µl of H2O were added to each tubes respectively. Next, the tubes were then amplified on a PCR block using the same cycle parameters as set out in part A. Magnesium concentration A PCR mastermix mastermix containing 16 µl of water, 2.5 µl of 10x reaction buffer, 0.5 µl dNTPs, 1 µl each of forward and reverse primer, 0.5 µl of Taq polymerase and 1 µl of DNA were pipetted into five tubes (i.e. tube 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5). Next, a Mgcl2 dilution was prepared to get a final Mgcl2 mMol of 0.5, 1.5, 2, 3 and 5mMol which were then added to each tubes respectively to give a final volume of 25 µl. Next, the tubes were then amplified on a PCR block using the same cycle parameters as set out in part A. Touchdown PCR A PCR mastermix was prepared using the same variables outlined for magnesium concentration. Then the touchdown PCR programme used was as follows: 94 °C for 3 minutes then 94 °C for 30 seconds, 64 °C for 30 seconds and 72 °C for one minute for three cycles, 94 °C for 30 seconds, 61 °C for 30 seconds, and 72 °C for one minute for three cycles, 94 °C for 30 seconds, 58 °C for 30 seconds, and 72 °C for one minute for three cycles, 94 °C for 30 seconds, 55 °C for 30 seconds, and 72 °C for one minute for three cycles, 94 °C for 30 seconds, 53 °C for 30 seconds, and 72 °C for one minute for thirty cycles, and finally 72 °C for three minutes. Sample preparation and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis After all the different optimisation protocols, the samples to be loaded into the gel were prepared by adding 5 µl of loading buffer to each PCR reaction and mixed. Next, 5 µl of DNA ladder was pipetted into the first well while 10 µl of sample were pipetted into each designated wells. The gel was then run at 100V for 45 minutes. After which, the gel was recovered and placed in a weighing boat containing 1x TBE buffer. Next, 5 µl of ethidium bromide was carefully introduced into the weighing boat and left for 10 minutes before visualisation with a gel documentation system. 3.0  Result PCR reactions were set up in 5 different PCR tubes with all the required components for complete PCR reaction , save for a particular factor which was varied to ascertain the optimal concentration necessary for the production of the highest amount of pure specific product. The results obtained from these various optimised factors are represented in the gels below. Part A Optimized PCR 1 µl of DNA template was loaded in the well labelled neat DNA and it revealed the highest amount of product formed, the well containing a 1/10 diluted DNA had a much lower amount of product formed while the well with the water blank yielded no product. Also, unspecific products were not formed. Figure 1: Optimised PCR agarose gel. Part B The results of different PCR optimisation reactions PCR annealing temperature optimisation Figure 2: PCR annealing temperature optimisation polyacrylamide gel. Key: L-molecular weight ladder, lane 1- 48 °c, lane 2- 52 °c, lane 3- 55 °c, lane 4- 62 °c, lane 5- 65 °c, unspecific product, specific product. From Figure 2 above, there are three unspecific products formed in lane 1, a greater specific product with insignificant unspecific product formed in lane 2, insignificant unspecific products formed in lane 3 and there is also a decrease in the intensity of the specific product formed compared with that of lane 2. While in lane 4, there is a minor decrease in the intensity of the specific product formed thus, the intense quantity of the specific product formed (i.e. there is a strong amplification here) and in lane 5, there is a major decrease in the quantity of specific product formed. Therefore, the quantity of the product decreases as the quantity of the template DNA decreases, and the quantity of the specific and unspecific products increases as the quantity of the template DNA increase. Template dilution optimisation Figure 3: Template dilution optimisation polyacrylamide gel. Key: L -molecular weight ladder, lane 1- 5 µl, lane 2- 2 µl, lane 3- 1 µl, lane 4- 0.1 µl, lane 5- 0.01 µl template DNA, specific product, unspecific product. From the gel above, there are three unspecific products formed in lane 1 and also the intensity of the specific product formed is high, the unspecific product formed in lane 2 is insignificant and the specific product formed is greater in intensity (i.e. has a higher amplification) compared with that of lane 1, in lane 3 and 4, the intensity of the specific product formed decreased compared with that of lane 2, while in lane 5, there is a major decrease in the intensity of the specific product formed. Therefore, the quantity of the product decreases as the quantity of the template DNA decreases, and the quantity of the specific and unspecific products increases as the quantity of the template DNA increase. Magnesium dilution optimisation Figure 4: Magnesium dilution optimisation polyacrylamide gel. Key: L -molecular weight ladder, lane 1- 0.5mmol, lane 2- 1.5mmol, lane 3- 2mmol, lane 4- 3mmol, lane 5- 5mmol, specific product, unspecific product. Form the gel above, there is an unspecific and a specific product formed in lane 1, in lane 2 there is a decrease in the intensity of the unspecific product formed and also there is an increase in the amount of specific product formed. In lane 3, there were no production of unspecific products and the intensity of the specific product formed remained high. In lane 4, there is evidence of the presence of an unspecific product formed but the intensity of the specific product formed remained high. While in lane 5, there is a minor reduction in the intensity of the specific product formed while there is visible presence of formation of unspecific products. Magnesium touchdown optimisation Figure 5: –Touchdown magnesium concentration optimisation. Key: L – molecular weight ladder, lane 1- 0.5 mMol, lane 2- 1.5 mMol, lane 3- 2mMol, lane 4- 3 mMol, lane 5- 5mMol, unspecific product, specific product. From the gel above, in lane 1, the intensity of the unspecific product formed is the same with that of the specific product formed. While in lane 2, 3 and 4, the intensity of the specific products formed are the same while the intensity of the unspecific products gradually decreased. There was no unspecific product formed in lane 5, however there was a reduction in the intensity of the specific product formed compared to that of lane 4. Discussion This experiment was performed to evaluate different optimisation protocols to optimise PCR reactions. For the PCR reaction using an optimised PCR mastermix in part A, the highest amount of products formed was observed in the well containing 1 µl of DNA template.The annealing temperature is the most important optimisation, because it can have an influence on the specificity of the reaction. If the temperature is too high, the hybridization will not take place thus, templates and primers remain dissociated. If the temperature is too low, mismatched hybrids will occur. Correct annealing temperature must be low enough to start hybridization between template and primer, and also high enough to prevent forming mismatched hybrids (Roux, 2009). According to the results from annealing temperature optimization polyacrylamide gel (Figure 2), the most suitable annealing temperature was 62oC, because the band was clear and single as opposed to the 48oC, 52oC and 55oC, where the smears (i.e. unspecific products) were shown. The intensity of the band in 62oC was the strongest compared with that o f 65oC. The most suitable template dilution for PCR was 2 µl, because it gave in the polyacrylamide gel in Figure 3, the most bright, single band with very low amount of unspecific products formed. Besides, annealing temperature and template dilution parameters, PCR reaction components could also lead to non-specific amplification. Two variables, which are reported to greatly influence the specificity of the PCR reaction, are magnesium and dNTP concentration (Dwivedi et al. 2003). For magnesium dilution touchdown (Figure 5), the molarities at 1.5, 2 and 3mMol showed very similar amount of products formed indicating the importance of the magnesium in PCR amplification while for magnesium dilution without touchdown (Figure 4), it was found that 2mM yielded the best results. Magnesium concentration is known to play a critical role in amplification as it can affect DNA strand denaturation, primer annealing specificity and enzyme fidelity. These observations are in agreement with earlier studies (Innis et al. 1990; Eeles et al. 1993). Even brief incubations of a PCR mix at temperatures significantly below theTmcan result in primer-dimer formation and nonspecific priming. Hot-start PCR methods (Erlich et al. 1991;Ruano et al. 1992) can dramatically reduce these problems. In this experiment, two methods were used to visualise the PCR products formed. They are, Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and Agarose gel electrophoresis. Agarose gel is the most popular medium for the separation of moderate and large-sized nucleic acids and have a wide range of separation but a low resolving power, since the bands formed in the gels tend to be indistinct and spread apart. This is a result of pore size and cannot be largely controlled (Stellwagen, 1998). However, Polyacrylamide gels are normally more difficult to prepare and handle, and it requires a longer time for preparation than agarose gels. However, polyacrylamide gels have a greater resolving power, can accommodate larger quantities of DNA without any significant loss in resolution and the DNA obtained from polyacrylamide gels is extremely pure (Guilliatt, 2002). Hence, they are better than agarose gels. It should be noted that polyacrylamide is a neurotoxin (when unpolymerized), but with proper labo ratory care it is no more dangerous than various commonly used chemicals in the laboratory (Budowle Allen, 1991). Conclusion Optimisation of Polymerase Chain Reaction is very important for PCR performance to minimize failures, avoid the production of non-specific products and increase specificity of the reaction. The knowledge of proper conditions allows to use PCR correctly and to receive good results. According to the results of the research the most suitable annealing temperature was 62oC, the most proper amount of concentration of magnesium was 2nMol, and the best template dilution was 2 µl. Those parameters give DNA amplification specificity and efficiency. (Harris and Jones, 1997). References Alka, D., Sarin, B., Mittar, D., Sehajpal, P. (2003). OPTIMIZATION OF 38 kDa BASED PCR ASSAY FOR DETECTION OF MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS FROM CLINICAL SAMPLES. Journal of Tuberculosis. 50:209-213. Budowle, B. and Allen, R. (1991). Discontinuous polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of DNA fragments. Methods in Molecular Biology. 9:123-132. Eeles, R. and Stamps, A. (1993). Managing the method. In Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) the Technique and its Application. Journal of Applied Sciences Research. 2(3): 12-26. Erlich,H.,Gelfand,D.,Sninsky,J. (1991).Recent advances in the polymerase chain reaction.Science.252:1643–1651. Guilliat, A. (2002). Agarose and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis: PCR mutation detection protocols. Methods in Molecular Biology. 187:125-137. Hecker,K. and Roux,K. (1996).High and low annealing temperatures increase both specificity and yield in touchdown and stepdown PCR.Bio Techniques. 20:478–485. Harris, S. and Jones, D. (1997). Optimisation of the polymerase chain reaction. Journal of Biomedical Science. 54 (3):166-173. Huang, M., Arnheim, N., Goodman, M. (1992). Extension of base mispairs by Taq DNA polymerase: implications for single nucleotide discrimination in PCR.Nucleic Acids Research.20 (17):4567–4573. Innis, M. and Gelfland, D. (1990). Optimization of PCR’s. In PCR protocols: A guide to methods and applications. Indian Journal of Tuberculosis. 118:1589-1599. Markoulatos, P., Siafakas, N., Moncany, M. (2002). Multiplex polymerase chain reaction: a practical approach.Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis.16(1): 47–51. Lilit, G.andNidhi, A. (2013). Research Techniques Made Simple: Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 133 (3): 4565-4579. Stellwagen, N. (1998). DNA gel electrophoresis. Nucleic Acid Electrophoresis Laboratory Manual. (D Tietz, Ed.). Springer Verlag. Berlin-Heidelberg-New York. Roux, K. (2009). Optimisation and troubleshooting in PCR. Cold Spring Harbour Protocols. doi:10.1101/pdb.ip66. Ruano,G.,Pagliaro,E., Schwartz,T.,Lamy,K.,Messina,D.,Gaensslen,R. et al. (1992).Heat-soaked PCR: An efficient method for DNA amplification with applications to forensic analysis.Bio Techniques.13:266–274.

A Trace of James Fenimore Cooper :: Biography Biographies Essays

A Trace of James Fenimore Cooper      In 1828 James Fenimore Cooper spent three months in England, chiefly to conduct business with his British publisher, Richard Bentley, and for most of that time he lived in London at 33 St. James Place. This is the way he described it in Gleanings in Europe: England:    We finally took a small house in St. James's Place, a narrow inlet that    communicates with the street of the same name, and which is quite near the    palace and the parks. We had a tiny drawing-room, quite plainly furnished, a    dining-room, and three bed-rooms, with the use of the offices, &c. for a    guinea a-day. The people of the house cooked for us, went to market, and    attended to the rooms, while our own man and maid did the personal service. I    paid a shilling extra for each fire, and as we kept three, it came to another    guinea weekly. (20)    As Donald Ringe and Kenneth Skaggs point out in their "Historical Introduction" to England, St. James Place represented "a most desirable location" (xvii). It is close to the centers of political power in England--St. James Palace, Buckingham Palace, and #10 Downing Street are not far away. Cooper's neighbors on the street included William Wilberforce and Samuel Rogers, a genial and well-connected writer; Lord Spencer and Sir James Mackintosh lived nearby as well.    The 33 St. James Place of Cooper's time no longer exists, but I wanted to visit the site anyway, to try to get a feel for what it meant for him to live there. If you walk from Trafalger Square to St. James Street, you can go along The Mall or Pall Mall, wide streets flanked by the gigantic architecture of Imperial Britain. St. James Place opens across St. James Street from the Pall Mall; Christie's, the famous auction house, is on the corner opposite. At the south end of St. James Street stands St. James Palace, an imposing brick castle with

Universal Healthcare Persuasive

The United States is the only developed nation without universal health care coverage, and the current state of affairs is bankrupting millions. the United States spends more on health care per an individual than any other nation, the World Health Organization reports that the United States only ranks 28th for life expectancy and 37th for mortality of children under the age of 5. For immunizations, the United States ranks 67th – Botswana is 66th. More than 46 million Americans go uninsured each day, 9 million of whom are children. Some believe that universal health care would bankrupt America, but the Congressional Budget Office found that it would actually save $100 to $200 billion dollars per a year, according to the Connecticut Coalition for Universal Health Care. The cost of health care in the United States is also costing American jobs. To avoid hefty insurance premiums, American businesses have moved offices out of the States. Health Care Statistics in the United States Health Insurance. The United States is the only wealthy, industrialized nation that does not have a universal health care system. Source: Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences In 2010, the percentage of Americans without health insurance was 16. 3%, or 49. 9 million uninsured people. Source: US Census Bureau Of the 83. 7% of people with health insurance in 2010, coverage was 55. 3% employment-based, 9. 8% direct-purchase, and 31. 0% government funded (Medicare, Medicaid, Military). (Overlap reflects coverage by more than one type of health insurance). Source: US Census Bureau The primary reason given for lack of health insurance coverage in 2005 was cost (more than 50%), lost job or a change in employment (24%), Medicaid benefits stopped (10%), ineligibility for family insurance coverage due to age or leaving school (8%). Source: National Center for Health Statistics More than 40 million adults stated that they needed but did not receive one or more of these health services (medical care, prescription medicines, mental health care, dental care, or eyeglasses) in 2005 because they could not afford it. Source: National Center for Health Statistics Medicaid, which accounted for 15. 9% of health care coverage in 2010, is a health insurance program jointly funded by the federal and state governments to provide health care for qualifying low-income individuals. Source: US Census Bureau Medicare, a federally funded health insurance program that covers the health care of most individuals 65 years of age and over and disabled persons, accounted for 14. 5% of health care coverage in 2010. Source: US Census Bureau Medicare operates with 3% overhead, non-profit insurance 16% overhead, and private (for-profit) insurance 26% overhead. Source: Journal of American Medicine 2007 Since the Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP) was created in 1997, the percentage of children ages 0-17 with health insurance has increased from 86% to 93%. Source: National Center for Health Statistics: December 2011 2. 5 million young adults have gained health insurance as a result of the provision in the Affordable Care Act that allows them to remain on their parents insurance plans until age 26. Source: National Center for Health Statistics: December 2011 Health Care Expenditures Health care expenditures in the United States were nearly $2. 6 trillion in 2010, an average of $8,402 per person. Source: Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services In 2009, national health care expenditures were paid by households 28%, private businesses 21%, state and local governments 16%, and federal government 27%. Source: Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services 75% of all health care dollars are spent on patients with one or more chronic conditions, many of which can be prevented, including diabetes, obesity, heart disease, lung disease, high blood pressure, and cancer. Source: Health Affairs Half of health care spending is used to treat just 5% of the population. Source: Kaiser Family Foundation, May 2012 Since 2001, employer-sponsored health coverage for family premiums has increased by 113%. Source: Kaiser Family Foundation, May 2012 The share of the economy devoted to health care has increased from 7. 2% in 1970 to 17. 9% in 2009 and 2010. Source: Kaiser Family Foundation, May 2012 The U. S. spends substantially more on health care than other developed countries. As of 2009, health spending in the U. S. was about 90% higher than in many other industrialized countries. The most likely causes are higher prices, more readily accessible technology, and greater obesity. Source: Kaiser Family Foundation, May 2012 Infant Mortality In 2005, the United States ranked 30th in infant mortality. Singapore has the lowest rate with 2. 1 deaths per 1000 live births, while the United States has a rate of 6. 9 deaths per 1000 live births. Infant mortality is considered an important indicator of the health of a nation. Source: CDC, NCHS Data Brief, Number 23, November 2009 Approximately 30,000 infants die in the United States each year. The infant mortality rate, which is the risk of death during the first year of life, is related to the underlying health of the mother, public health practices, socioeconomic conditions, and availability and use of appropriate health care for infants and pregnant women. Sources: CDC and National Center for Health Statistics, 2008 The main cause contributing to the high infant mortality rate in the United States is the very high percentage of preterm births. One in 8 births in the United States were born preterm, an increase of 36% since 1984. Source: CDC, NCHS Data Brief, Number 23, November 2009 Life Expectancy Life expectancy at birth in the United States is an estimated 78. 49 years, which ranks 50th in highest total life expectancy compared to other countries. Source: CIA Factbook (2011) Lack of health insurance is associated with as many as 44,789 deaths per year in the United States. Source: Harvard Medical School Study, American Journal of Public Health, December 2009 People without health insurance had a 40 percent higher risk of death than those with private health insurance, a result of being unable to obtain necessary medical care. Source: Harvard Medical School Study, American Journal of Public Health, December 2009 Bankruptcy Nearly two-thirds, or 62%, of all bankruptcy filings in the United States in 2007 were due to illness or medical bills. Source: American Journal of Medicine, June 2009 Among the medical bankruptcy filers in 2007, most were well-educated, owned homes, employed in middle-class occupations, and three-quarters had health insurance. Source: American Journal of Medicine, June 2009 Everyone has the right to health, including health care, according to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Health care is a public good, not a commodity. The U. S. health care system must fulfill these principle s†¢Universality: Everyone in the United States has the human right to health care. †¢Equity: Benefits and contributions should be shared fairly to create a system that works for everyone. †¢Accountability: The U. S. government has a responsibility to ensure that care comes first. If you are against universal health care or don’t have an opinion on it at all, I urge you to read the following. I will attempt to simply and concisely prove why the United States needs to change its current health care system. In the United States of America, 44. 8 million people are without health insurance. Either they can’t afford it or they are denied coverage because the companies do not think they will be â€Å"economical enough†. Even if one does have medical insurance, chances are they will be denied coverage at one point in their life. This is due to the privatized, profit-driven system, which encourages legalese like co-pays, thresholds, limited coverage, and more. Our private system, contrary to popular belief, is incredibly expensive for the state. We give 15% of our GDP to healthcare for a system that is supposedly run by corporations. That’s the highest GDP percentage in the world that is spent on healthcare. Here’s why a universal healthcare system would be better for many reasons. Those who agree that health care is a basic human right (78% of Americans do) would easily list this as the first reason. Universal Health Care would also be cheaper. According to the WHO, the United States spends $3371 per person, per year for health insurance. Look at what these countries pay: Australia: $1017 (#2 in the world). Yeah. We pay three times as much as Australia, the number two country on the list, for a fundamentally broken system. And where does most of that money go? Into the pockets of big insurance company management. As for the doctor pay: Yes, doctors will be paid less. Perhaps as much as 30% less. In spite of this, doctors will still be one of the highest-paid professions in the United States, even with universal health care. Furthermore, under the new system that many are proposing, med school would be partially or completely subsidized by the government. Another argument often heard: â€Å"Taxes would spike†. Not if it’s done right. US government spending is SECOND-HIGHEST in the world per person, for a private system. Countries with Universal Health Care, like Australia, Canada, UK, etc. all have less government spending per person that us, and a better system. Same or less amount of spending means the same or less amount of taxes. Enough of the status quo. It’s time for change. It’s not just about voting with your heart, it’s about voting with your brain. Universal Health Care is the logical alternative.