Intellectual&cultural movements Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Intellectual&cultural movements - Essay Example across the discourses and intellectual texts of a certain era going beyond the understanding of their contextual reception and origins recovering the historical meanings. It is certain that intellectual and cultural movements encompass the circulation of ideas in countries, periods, and the transnational intellectual exchanges. In this regard, all forms of the expressive thought, which include religion, political thoughts, philosophy, natural science, social science and the arts, are dealt with accordingly. The racial feeling and thinking in the Europe from the fifteenth century, the racial thinking within the context of the Western encounters with the Jews and non-European people. It is of concern that the relation to economic, political and economic trends, as well as questions involving the interpretation of Historical and literature, is of paramount importance. As can be deduced from the history of the emergence of the Classicism and romanticism clearly outlined, it is clear that those who believed in classism were guided by a belief that reason is a dominating characteristic of nature and human nature both of which are governed by the fixed, and unchanging laws. Notably, classicism has its roots way back in 18th c. Those who proclaim this faith hold that nature is a self contained machine guided by laws, which can rationally be understood. Their value was based on order, clarity and balance. They postulated that imagination should be restrained by common sense and reason. The general principle is based on values such as human limitations, resisted change and human limitation. The primary sources clearly indicate that romanticism has its roots in the 1800c, with the proponents of this philosophy putting emphasis on emotions, intuitions, and upon an individual. This belief was guided by the practice of reason over imaginations, social over the person, and common over individualism. According to the proponents of this philosophy, imagination provides

Successfully Raise A Defence Of Necessity

Successfully Raise A Defence Of Necessity Necessity and Private Defence are closely linked therefore; many of the requirements of private defence are also requirements for necessity. The difference between these two grounds of justification is that private defence stems from and is directed at, an unlawful human attack while in necessity a person finds him/herself in a situation in which he/she must between two evils: either suffer personal harm or break the law. The act of defence in private defence is always directed at an unlawful human attack whereas; in cases of necessity it is directed at either the interests of another innocent party or a mere legal provision. (Snyman, 2008, p. 115) Necessity There must be an urgent and immediate threat to life which creates a situation in which the defendant reasonably believes that a fair response to that threat is to break the law. This reflects the distinction between the defenses of necessity and duress in that the former is pressure of circumstances arising naturally, whereas the latter is a threat from an entirely human agency that overpowers the will of the defendant. The subjective frame of mind of the person who is relying on necessity the courts will not consider this but rather whether the act of necessity was in accordance with the legal conviction of society. The courts will also weight the option of whether a reasonable would have acted in the same way as a person that claims to have acted in necessity. They are using the concept of the reasonable person to practically embody the legal convictions of society and not to determining negligence. (Joubert, 2001, p. 61) REQUIREMENTS TO SUCCESSFULLY RAISE A DEFENCE OF NECESSITY The author will no discuss five (5) requirements that must be met in order for a person to successfully raise a defence of necessity: A legal interest must be endangered The danger must have begun or be imminent The defensive act must be necessary to avert the danger The defensive act must be reasonable The endangered person must know he/she is acting in necessity A legal interest must be endangered The purpose of the specific conduct must be clearly to protect a legal interest. Although the law recognizes many interests the most obvious are a persons life, limb, personal safety and integrity. A person may act in a situation of necessity to protect property but cannot relay on necessity to protect his/her job. If a person is not able to perform his job without breaking the law he must find another way to earn a living. For example a person cannot operate an illegal shebeen and claim it is to sustain his family when apprehended. The person must rather apply legally for a shebeens license. A person may also act in necessity in defence of some else. (S v Pretorius, 1975) The danger must have begun or be imminent When danger has already passed or will possibly occur in the distant feature a person cannot rely on necessity. Therefore, the danger must already have begun or the situation must be immediately threatening. In the trail Regina v. Dudley Stephens four stranded sailors were adrift in a small boat without supplies. The three strongest decided to eat the fourth, a seventeen (17) year old cabin boy to save themselves. There was some degree of necessity arising from the threat of starvation, even though the cabin boy would almost certainly have died of natural causes the sailors killed the boy intentionally and the court ruled that cannibalizing the boy was not urgently necessary and found them guilty of murder. (Regina v. Dudley Stephens, 1884) The defensive act must be necessary to avert the danger When a person relies on necessity the action taken should have to avert the danger. When there is less drastic measure to avert the danger a person a person should take this option. If it was not taken a person cannot rely on necessity. For instance when a man are awake by a noise in the middle of the night and found a person at his fridge busy eating food and killed the person by shooting him he thus cannot relay on necessity. If there is a possibility that a person can flee from the immediate or imminent danger he should do so. (S v Pretorius, 1975). The danger does not take the form of an unlawful attack and removing oneself from the danger in most cases of necessity. The defensive act must be reasonable A person must act reasonable if he wants to rely on necessity as ground of justification. The interest that is being protected must not be disproportionate of the defence act. Not more harm than is necessary to avert the attack must be inflicted by the person who wants to rely on necessity. According to Snyman this proportionality requirement is sometimes explained by requiring that the protected interest should be of greater value than the interest that is infringed upon. (Snyman, 2008, p. 119). The protected and infringed interests are a totally different nature, but if the infringed interest is a legal provision only, the defence of necessity would most probably succeed. For example a correctional exceeding the speed limit because he is rushing to the Prison where inmates are in the process of escaping, he will most probably be allowed to justify his actions by relying on necessity as a defence, since he infringed a legal provision only. The endangered person must know he/she is acting in necessity If a person is conscious of the fact that an emergency exists and knowingly acted in necessity than he can rely on necessity as a defence. A person cannot thus rely on necessity as a ground of justification if he throws a brick through a window in an attempt to break into a house but his action saves the occupants lives who are sleeping in a room filled with poisonous gas. PRIVATE DEFENCE The onus is on the state to prove beyond reasonable doubt that the accused action cannot be justified, if private defence is raised as a ground of justification. Private defence involves a person who takes the law into his own hands. Therefore, it is a drastic measure that should not be used for corrective purposes. Snyman alleged that this ground of justification has no history, but exist from the beginning of time. (Snyman, 2008, p. 103). Every person has a right to defend himself against an unlawful attack a right that is recognised in section 51 of the Charter of the United Nations. The two theories for the existence of private defence are protection theory, which emphasises each persons right to defend oneself or another against an unlawful attack whereas in upholding-of justice theory is where people acting in private defence perform acts assist in upholding the legal order. (Snyman, Criminal Law, 2004, p. 178). It is the primary duty of the state to protect the life and property of individuals but no state no matter how big its recourses can afford it. Therefore, this right has been given by the state to every citizen to take the law into his own hands for their safety. REQUIREMENTS TO SUCCESSFULLY RELIANCE ON PRIVATE DEFENCE The requirements of private defence can be divided into two groups for the purpose of classification namely: the requirements with which the attack must comply and the requirements with which the defence must comply. Requirements of the attack It must be unlawful A legal interest deserves protection. It must be imminent, but not yet completed The attack must be unlawful When the attack on a person is unlawful only than can a defender rely on private defence. A suspect who was lawfully arrested by a police official cannot rely on private defence in resisting the arrest. On the other hand, when a police official exceeds his powers by arresting a person he is not allowed to arrest the person may resist and can rely on private defence to justify his resistance. A legal interest deserves protection. Normally a person acts in private defence to protect his life, limb, bodily integrity and property. These are not the only interest worth of protection as the courts also recognized a persons right to defend personal freedom, sexual integrity, self-respect and chastity. To protect the interest of other persons is also an act of private defence but than the third party should want the defender to act on his behalf. However, the defender will not be able to rely on private defence if the victim does not want the help of the defender. (Joubert, 2001, p. 52) The attack must be imminent, but not yet completed If it is clear that an attack is about to happen than a person can rely on private defence. The defender doesnt have to wait for the attacker to attack first if the attack is imminent he can avert the attack by defending himself before the attack actually arise. But if the attack have been already completed the defender no longer defend him but get even. In the case of S v Moghlwane it was find that if the attack formed part of one and the same immediate and continued act of resistance, the defender can rely on private defence even if he left the scene temporarily. (S v Mogohlwane, 1982) The defence requirements Before private defence can succeed the defensive action have to comply with certain standards. The defence must be directed at the attacker It must be necessary It must be reasonable The defence must be directed at the attacker When the defence is directed at anyone else than private defence as a ground of justification will not succeed therefore, it may only be directed at the attacker. (Snyman, Criminal Law, 2004) The defence must be necessary If there is another way that the attack can be averted in a less serious way than that option should be used. The law must not be taken into their own hands if the defender can rely on another remedy. Therefore, the defence should be absolutely necessary in order to protect the interest threatened. The question arises than should a person rather flee an attack than resort to private defence? But than once there is a duty to flee it will imply that justice will have to give up to injustice. Therefore, it is not expected of a police official on duty to flee if he is being attacked while lawfully performing his duties. The defence must be reasonable There should be a balance between the attack and the defence. The defence act may not be more harmful than necessary to ward of the attack. Therefore, it would be unreasonable to kill a person who attempts to steal bread. Proportionality also plays a very important role in determining whether the defence was reasonable or not. The proportionality requirement will be met if the defence act is reasonably proportionate to the attack. The right of private defence is a good weapon in the hand of citizens to defend themselves but it is not revenge rather towards the threat and imminent danger of an attack. The courts find it difficult whether this right had been exercised in good faith or not. Conclusion It can be said that the confusion arise between Necessity and private defence are that they are closely related to each other. The difference are than is that private defence is an act of defence directed at an unlawful human attack while necessity is directed at either the interests of another innocent party or a simple legal provision.

Dubious Heros in Julius Caesar :: Julius Caesar Essays

Questionable Heros in Julius Caesar      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Julius Caesar, a play written by William Shakespeare, had many characters who could have been questioned in terms of their motives and will.   Some may have had good intentions, but others were not motivated by their concern for the well-being of the Romans.   The aim of this paper is to take a look at why the main people in this tragedy did what they did.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Julius Caesar, the center of the big ordeal, is the first logical person to take a look at.   When he first arrives, he is hailed as a great man and offered the crown numerous times, refusing it each time.  Ã‚   He is clearly the hero of the people for that time.   The question of his heroism comes when his previous actions are looked upon.   He has just returned from killing Pompey and Pompey's sons.   He did this to gain complete control of Rome instead of sticking with the triumvirate that had currently ruled.   He was ambitious, or so it was said, and he wanted only power.   This alone shows that his motives were not as pure as was first thought.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The next person to be looked upon in Mark Antony, apparently Julius Caesar's right-hand man.   He plays the part of the hero as he takes Caesar's side after death and rallies the people against the conspirators.   As he speaks to Octavius, though, he shows that he is mainly after the power also in saying that the third person of their new triumvirate, Lepidus, is not a worthy adversary and is only good enough to carry messages.   Antony goes on to say that they should have him (Lepidus) killed, along with all the other people they were making a list of.   He was going to have them eliminated just because they might stand in their way to gaining complete power.   He also ordered to have figured a way to cut some of the money out of the will to the people and keep it for himself.   His intentions weren't so good after all.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Cassius, the apparent originator of the conspiracy in the first place, is at first hard to figure out if he would take action in good will or in greed

Supplier Selection for the Contract of GH’S Hazardous Waste Disposal

As indicated in UoL, (2013) Assignment study case General Hospital (GH) forecasts producing an estimated average of a daily waste equal to 5 Kg per day and the GH operates 52 weeks/year, 7 days/week so the estimated waste per year 5*356 = 1780 Kg per Year.Due to poor forecasting process 7 data of GH as per their historical data, the forecasted accuracy is 80% per year, therefor suppliers must consider in his calculations the risk of having 20% increase in the wastes quantities 1780*20%= 365 Kg/Year = 1 Kg/Day as a result of that suppliers must include a prices List for Extra services in their offers. Three suppliers responded to bid to GH tender invitation and gave the best offers they have as per below schedule:Quality.In our study case the mentioned activities are simple and not complicated, so based on the above steps that I will be using to choose the best supplier and offer. And as per the above schedule GH procurement department of (GH) analysis and evaluation of two elements p rice and service, the analysis results for the main three suppliers A have got the best service, supplier B have the best price, and the supplier C is out of the competition because his offer is not clear about the price and limited delivery ability.Analysis of the Price:A and B suppliers gave a detailed price for their operation charge and their waste quantities pick-up capacity the primary evaluation result reflects that the supplier B has the lowest price = 1,157 and the supplier A price =1673. 2 a different of 516. 20 â‚ ¬ between both prices, supplier C could not have a final price for unclear information. Service analysis: As per the forecasted estimate of the waste generated daily by the GH is approximately 5 kg per day, suppliers A and B gave a proposal of container’s capacity 100 kg for A and 50 kg for B.  suppliers A and B also gave an On-Call option for the pick-up, replacement, and disposal operation. (UoL, 2013)Suppliers need to understand the requirement of GH and the amount of risk for keeping the waste inside the container and what is the suitable duration to keep the waste without disposal. A and B suppliers have given a competitive offers, supplier A shows the readiness to negotiate regarding his offer in order to reach to the best settlement. (UoL, 2013) Negotiation Process: GH will conduct a negotiation meeting with the Supplier A.According to Sollish et al. (2011, pp. 136-140) it is important to define the elements that you will negotiate about it before conducting the negotiation and establish suitable and collaborative environment for the client and the supplier. Some of the main elements that the GH procurement department need to discuss as follows The capacity of the container: According to the daily estimation of the waste 100 Kg is too much and GH need to convenes supplier A to reduce the cost of the pick-up operation charge by utilizing less capacity containers.Safety and Environment procedures need to be discussed and h ow and what is the best way to collect such type of waste with optimum quality performance without endangering the health of the people and the environment. Win-win is one of the main features of collaborative negotiation. The main target is to reason with supplier A and reduce the total cost of his offer. All the negotiation activities and results need to be documented in case needed in the future.In the end if the negotiation did not went well with supplier A one of the negotiation tactics that need to be ready even before starting the negotiation what called Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement (BATANA) McGraw-Hill (2006, p. 21 stated that â€Å"Alternatives are also important because they give negotiators the power to walk away from any negotiation when the emerging deal is not very good† and also it is better to have your BATNA ready to compare it with the available proposal to â€Å"see whether it better satisfies your interests† .  (Fisher et al. 1999, p . 51)My best alternative is to give the contract to supplier B which has much better price and less capacity containers which will add value in the logistic operation and gives less time to keep the waste around the hospital for environmental issues, with the estimated 5 KG waste per day the container will be moved every 10 to 11 days.

Marine Resources

Madalena Barbosa Marine Resources – April, 2012 Index Common Property Fishery of N identical fishing vessels model: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2 1. a) Biological Stock Equilibrium without Harvest †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2 1. b) Maximum Sustainable Yield †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2 1. c) Open Access Equilibrium †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 5 1. ) Optimal Economic Equilib rium †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 6 1. e) Comparison between Maximum Sustainable Equilibrium and both Open Access Equilibrium and Optimal Economic Equilibrium †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 8 1. f) Assuming a schooling fishery †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 9 2. Different possible policies †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 11 2. ) Total Allowable Catches †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 11 2. b) Effort and harvest taxes †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 13 2. c) Individual Transferable Quotas – ITQ’s †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 15 3. Recommendation statement for the policy decision ITQ’s †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 16 Figure 1Growth and Harvest as function of stock size †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Figure 2Sustainable revenue, total costs and net benefit of fishing effort. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 8 Figure 3 Growth and Harvest as function of stock size for an Open Access equilibrium and a set TAC †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 11 Figure 4 Sustainable revenue, total costs and Total revenue and total costs for the TAC level of fishing effort. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 2 Figure 5 Use of corrective taxes on effort can equate social and private costs †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 14 Figure 6 Use of corrective taxes on harvest that can equate social and private revenues. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 15 Marine Resource Management – Assignment 2 1 Common Property Fishery of N identical fishing vessels model: Biological growth function for the resource stock: ? = 1? ? = ? ? Graham-Schaefer production function (linear case of the Coob-Douglas production function): Profit function: Condition: Where, 0? = ? ? ? S(t): stock (biomass) of economically valuable fish at time t.E(t): Effort is an index measure of the quantity of inputs applied to the task of fishing at time t. Intrinsic growth rate of the resources stock: r = 0,8/Ye ar Natural carrying Capacity (maximum value for S): k=50. 000 tons Catchability coefficient: q = 0,0002/hour fishing Price per unit of output: p = 200â‚ ¬/ton Cost per unit of effort: c=400â‚ ¬/ hour fishing Maximum Effort per vessel: = 100 hours fishing 1. a) Biological Stock Equilibrium without Harvest In this situation the growth in the stocks doesn’t exist so that: ? =0 = = 50. 000 1. b) Maximum Sustainable YieldIn order to calculate the values that maximize sustainable harvest for this fishery, we need to compute the harvesting function that depends on effort (Shaefer Yield Effort Curve); and after that, to maximize harvesting for effort so that we are able to compute the different sustainable values. Marine Resource Management – Assignment 2 2 First we substitute the Graham-Shaefer production function into the biological growth function of the stock and obtained, = 1? ? In a steady-state equilibrium = = are equally counterbalanced by the removals from the s tock through harvesting). Also and .The solution of the previous function for the steady-state level of S is: 1? = ? 1? = ? = 0, so that = (the additions to the resource stock 1? = = ? ? 1? = ? Substitute the former function in Graham-Schaefer production function to find Shaefer Yield Effort Curve: ? = = = ? 1? ? ? ? Schaefer Yield Effort Curve: This equation is quadratic in E so for high levels of effort the yield is zero. So, if the effort level is higher than the critical level, > towards extinction. ? , the yield is zero and the population will be driven Maximize Shaefer Yield Effort Curve to find the highest value of Effort that can be sustainable, 2 =0? 2 =0? = ? = = 2 ? ? = 2 Marine Resource Management – Assignment 2 3 To find the Maximum Sustainable Harvest level substitute Emsy in the Shaefer Yield Effort Curve, ? = ? ? 4 ? ?= 2 ? 2 ? ?= ?= 2 2 ? 4 ? ? ?= 2 ? = 4 ? To find the stock that maximizes sustainable harvest of this fishery substitute Emsy and Hmsy in Gr aham-Shaefer production function and solve it for S, = ? 4 = 2 ? 4 Note that the resource stocks at MSY is on-half of the natural carrying capacity. The solution for the maximum sustainable yield is given by the following values of Effort, harvest and stock: = 2 ? = 0,8 ? 50. 000 ? 4 50. 000 = ? 2 0,8 ? 0,0002 = . 0 2 = ? = = = 2 4 ? ? = = = . . Now that we have calculated the level of effort corresponding to the maximum sustainable yield, EMSY, we can estimate the necessary equilibrium fleet, as it is the one that with the maximum effort per vessel, EMAX, equals the EMSY. = 2. 000 ? 100 ? ? = ? The equilibrium fleet under sustainable harvesting is composed of 20 identical fishing vessels. ? = = Marine Resource Management – Assignment 2 4 1. c) Open Access Equilibrium To characterize the Open-Access Equilibrium we take two main assumptions: 1. The steady-state equilibrium for the biological growth function is true and 2.It is also true the steady-state equilibrium condition f or all sustainable rents. = =0 ? =0 With these two equations we have the property right condition of open-access and the social welfare optimum. That is, the comparative statics to compare the optimal open-access levels of effort, resource stock, yield, and rents with the social optimum levels of effort, resource stock, yield, and rents. Rearranging we obtain the open-access equilibrium level for the resource stock, ? = = ? ? From the steady-state equilibrium condition we can find the level of effort in an Open Access equilibrium, = ? 1? = = = ? =Rearranging for E: Substituting S for SOA: = 1? 1? ? ? ? Substituting EOA in Graham-Schaefer production function we get the harvest in an Open Access equilibrium, = ? = ? = ? ? 1? ? Marine Resource Management – Assignment 2 5 The profits per vessel on an Open Access equilibrium are as we already stated before equal to zero, = = ? = 200 ? 6. 400 ? 400 ? 3. 200 ? Profit will be zero for each individual firm and, consequently, for all the firms competing in this market; which makes sense once we are in the situation where companies can freely enter or exiting the market (similar to perfect competition).The solution for the Open-Access equilibrium is given by the following values of Effort, harvest and stock: = = ? = ? = ? . = 1? 1? ? ? = = , , ? , ? , ? , 1? 1? ? , ? , ? . ? ?. . = . = . 1. d) Optimal Economic Equilibrium The static, steady-state optimal economic level of effort, for the individual, that also maximizes the social welfare for society is found by computing the equation for sustainable rents and maximizing it for the Effort: = =0? = = ? ?2 ? ? =0? ? Maximizing, 2 ? ? =To solve for the static steady-state optimal economic level of the resource stock, SEFF, substitute EEFF into the equation for the resource stock with the Schaefer Yield Effort Curve, = 1? ? = 1? 2 = + 1? ? = 1 1? + 2 2 ? Marine Resource Management – Assignment 2 6 The Optimal Economic Equilibrium’s for Harvesting can be found using the Graham-Schaefer production function by substituting EEff and SEFF found before, = ? 2 ? = 1? ? ? ? 2 + 2 ? = ? + The solution for the Open-Access equilibrium is given by the following values of Effort, harvest and stock: = 1? ? ? = ? , = + = ? ? = ? , . + 1? ? ? , ? , ? . = = . = . . Marine Resource Management – Assignment 2 7 1. e)Comparison between Maximum Sustainable Equilibrium and both Open Access Equilibrium and Optimal Economic Equilibrium In this question we are asked to compare the maximum social sustainable solutions with both solutions of the Open Access and the Optimal Economic Equilibrium, respectively. The results acquired during the former exercises are summarized in figure 1 and figure 2: 14. 000 q. E(MSY). S 12. 000 q. E(OA). S H(MSY) 10. 000 Growth in Fish Stock (tons) . E(Eff). S H(Eff) 8. 000 H(OA) 6. 000 4. 000 2. 000 S(OA) 0 0 5. 000 10. 000 15. 000 20. 000 25. 000 30. 000 Fish Stock (tons) 35. 000 40. 000 45. 000 50. 000 S(MSY) S(Eff) G (S) q. E(OA). S Figure 1Growth and Harvest as function of stock size 2. 500. 000 E(Eff) E(MSY) E(OA) Total Revenue, Total Cost and Profit (â‚ ¬/hour fishing) 2. 000. 000 1. 500. 000 1. 000. 000 500. 000 0 0 500 1. 000 1. 500 2. 000 Effort (hour fishing) TR TC NB TC (Eff) 2. 500 3. 000 3. 500 4. 000 Figure 2Sustainable revenue, total costs and net benefit of fishing effort.From the previous figures we can easily see that, < < The MSY policy target is the best in a social point of view. It has the highest harvest maximum for a balanced level of stock with a medium level of effort. But in an economical point of view this equilibrium doesn’t bring the best results since its rent level is lower than for the optimal economic equilibrium. The efficient solution is the one that requires less effort to capture an intermediate level of fish, keeping the highest possible level of stock.This is why, economically, efficiency is the best solution, because it will allow future gene rations to capture similar quantities once preservation of stock is taken into account and additionally getting the higher rent. Furthermore and comparing with open access and sustainable yield, this solution requires less effort which is positive for the companies involved. In the situation of open access, as there is free access to the market, competition will lead to low individual harvesting levels and significantly high levels of effort and, at the same time, the level of stocks will be the lowest. < < < < ; 1. f) Assuming a schooling fishery Given that we are now in the situation of a schooling fishery, where the group of fishes is swimming in the same direction in a coordinated manner, and we have the following access given its profit condition ( = ? ? = 200. = = conditions: ? = and 0 ? ? , we are able to compute the outcome for open ), where we already know that ? ? = ? ? = 0.It is again important to note that i) In this case, as ? =2 ? = 200 ? 2 ? 400 = 0 betwe en exploiting or not the stock available. = 0 under all values of effort, we have a situation of indifference Marine Resource Management – Assignment 2 ii) Here, as abandon this market and no effort will be given ( = 0). The stock will not be exploited at all and initial stock will remain equal to final stock. iii) ? =3 ? = 200 ? 3 ? 400 = 200 ? =1 ? = 200 ? 1 ? 400 = ? 200 < 0, firms will not have any interest in fishing so they will simply Under this situation, as market, so they will apply all the effort available in order to maximize their own profits. As a result, stocks will be exploited until the end. > 0, companies have interest in competing in this Marine Resource Management – Assignment 2 10 2. Different possible policiesThe Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) distinguishes two types of fisheries management: Incentive Blocking and Incentive Management. Regarding Incentive Blocking we can have management instruments that encoura ge effort and and harvest reductions by blocking them. For example, Total Allowable Catches (TACs), gear restrictions, like engine power limitations, limit fishing seasons, limit entry with buy-back schemes (licenses) or just increase the real cost of harvest through regulations. Incentive Adjusting pursuits to adjust the fisher incentives to make them compatible with society’s goals.In this case we are talking about taxes on effort or harvest and quotas. We will present you with some examples regarding these types of management. 2. a) Total Allowable Catches A Total Allowable Catch is a catch limit set for a particular fishery, generally for a year or a fishing season. In a derby fishery, the governments set a limit on the total allowable catch (TAC) for the year and the fishery is open on a specific date. As soon as TAC is reached, the fishery is closed for the year. The TAC is set below the overfishing level to assure that it is restrictive. Its goal is to allow the natura l resource to recover the stock levels.In this case the TAC was set below de level of harvesting for the Open-Access equilibrium at the value of 3500 tons (figure 3). 12. 000 10. 000 Growth in Fish Stock (tons) 8. 000 6. 000 4. 000 2. 000 0 0 5. 000 10. 000 15. 000 20. 000 25. 000 Fish Stock (tons) G(S) TAC q. E(TAC). S q. E(OA). S H(OA) 30. 000 35. 000 40. 000 45. 000 50. 000 Figure 3 Growth and Harvest as function of stock size for an Open Access equilibrium and a set TAC The TAC policy level of effort is significantly lower than the open access level. The TAC level equals Shaefer effort Yield curve in equilibrium, Solving for E: 3500 = 0,0002 ? 0. 000 ? = = ? , = ? ? ? ? , , ? ? ? . So this measure would allow the stock to recover for a level of, = , = 3500 ? 0,0002 ? 387,55 In a conservation point of view this is an effective measure, but in an economical point of view it has its issues. The tendency for fishing enterprises is to move towards an over-investment in equipment and labor in order to increase their share of the common TAC. It causes a major disruption in the seasonal pattern of a fishery as fishermen rush to obtain their share of the quota. Often vessels increase in size and add engine power both to operate with greater fishing power.In a consequence, economic conditions in the derby fishery are best at the start of a season when the fish stocks are most abundant, and steadily deteriorate as harvesting depletes the available stocks. These conditions induce a race for fish, which, in turn, results in overcapitalization (Figure 4). 2. 100. 000 Total Revenue, Total Cost and TAC level (â‚ ¬/hour fishing) 1. 600. 000 1. 100. 000 600. 000 100. 000 0 500 1. 000 1. 500 2. 000 2. 500 3. 000 3. 500 4. 000 -400. 000 TR Effort (hour fishing) TC p*TAC TC' E(OA) Figure 4 Sustainable revenue, total costs and Total revenue and total costs for the TAC level of fishing effort.Assuming that calculate the costs of overcapitalization, c’, and understand t his behavior: = ? ? = ? = 0 and that the stock levels will vary with the imposition of the TAC we can ?= ? = = , ? = , = From the function above we can understand the volatility of this policy. With the increase in the levels of stock the price will be higher and the fishermen have the incentive to invest in fleet capital that from society’s point of view is redundant. Also, the excess fleet makes the monitoring of harvesting very difficult and the TAC limit is exceeded. 2. b) Effort and harvest taxesFish is economically overexploited under open-access regime. The market price is high enough and the harvest cost low enough to make it a commercial resource. Corrective taxes can in theory bring marginal private costs into alignment with marginal social costs. Using taxes the managers reduce the fishermen revenues or raise the real cost of fishing. The idea is to find the tax rate, on either effort or harvest, that adjusts effort to the maximum economic yield level, EEff, that s hould be as said before the level at which the sustainable rent is maximum. With an effort tax the total cost per unit of effort is, = +Where tE is the tax per unit effort (ex. : $ per trawl hour or trawl year) and TC’ is the total costs with taxes. The effect of the effort tax is to increase total costs to such a level that the TC’ curve intersects the total revenue curve for the EEff, as you can see in figure 5. The tax on the effort was found as followed, = + ? ? tE = 800 â‚ ¬/hour fishing ? 200 ? 9. 600 = 400 + ? 1. 600 ? Note that for any value of effort the total costs with taxes is greater that the total costs. The effect of an effort tax increases the slope of the total cost curve for the industry.This implies that the total revenue, TR(E), is shared between the government, as the tax collector, and the Marine Resource Management – Assignment 2 13 fishing industry. The former receives the resource rent, ? Eff, and the fishers end up with the differenc e between the total revenue and the resource rent that is just enough to cover the costs of the fishers. 2. 500. 000 E(Eff) E(MSY) E(OA) Total Revenue and Total Cost (â‚ ¬/hour fishing) 2. 000. 000 1. 500. 000 ? (Eff) 1. 000. 000 500. 000 0 0 500 1. 000 1. 500 2. 000 Effort (hour fishing) TR TC TC' 2. 500 3. 000 3. 500 4. 000Figure 5 Use of corrective taxes on effort can equate social and private costs In the case of a harvest tax, the sustainable revenue of the fishery curve is affected, as you can see in figure 6. The harvest tax would be applied to the price as it is demonstrated next, ? = ? = ? tH = 133,33 â‚ ¬/hour fishing 200 + ? 9600 = 400 ? 1. 600 ? So in this case, the net price of the fish received by the fishers is also only just enough to support the costs. 2. 500. 000 E(Eff) E(MSY) E(OA) Total Revenue, Total Cost and Rent (â‚ ¬/hour fishing) 2. 000. 000 1. 500. 000 ? (Eff) 1. 000. 000 500. 000 0 0 500 1. 000 1. 00 2. 000 Effort (hour fishing) TR TC TR' 2. 500 3 . 000 3. 500 4. 000 Figure 6 Use of corrective taxes on harvest that can equate social and private revenues. The resource rent equals the total tax revenue in both cases, = = ? ? = 133,33 ? 9. 600 = 1. 280. 000â‚ ¬ = 800 ? 1. 600 = 1. 280. 000â‚ ¬ ? ? ? ? Thus, a tax on harvest contributes to decreasing the total revenue of the industry whereas a tax on effort contributes to increasing the industry costs. This would be a very interesting measure if the resource rent would be re-distributed, for example, to the fishing community avoiding any efficiency loss.But it is very hard to get to an agreement regarding this subject so the losses are real and the measure is not efficient in an economic perspective. Also, in a social point of view this measure is very demanding since it lowers the private revenues of the fishers, a theoretical and overall poor social group. 2. c) Individual Transferable Quotas – ITQ’s The ITQ’s are an improved version of the TACâ€℠¢s policy. It allocates a specific quota to each individual (ex. : a vessel, a corporation, etc. ) consistent with property rights theory. With this kind of policy fishermen don’t need to race against each other.We will proceed with short run rights, where fishermen own a share of harvest. The quota is computed from the previous established level for TAC and the fleet capacity, in this case we are going to use the value for the necessary equilibrium fleet previously calculated, ? = 3. 500? 20 = So, each of the 20 identical fishing vessels are allowed to harvest 176 tons per fishing season. To ensure that the expected results are lasting, the quotas should be transferable. There has to be a quota market to ensure that at any time the most cost-effective fisher does the fishing. If = 0, ? As St varies l will be adjusted and the quota market prices established. In a successful Optimal Economic managed fishery, resource rent per unit of effort would be: = ? 1. 280. 000 = 800â‚ ¬ 1.600 And the resource rent per unit of harvest would be: = ? ? These two prices indicate the equilibrium prices of effort and harvest quotas. The quotas market correct incentives for each boat to maximize its rent and to harvest with minimum costs, removing the incentives to over capitalization. So, in a conservation point of view and in economic terms ITQ’s are the best policy measure. . 280. 000 = 133,3â‚ ¬ 9. 600 ? 3. Recommendation statement for the policy decision ITQ’s ITQ’s are the best option as they are efficient both in a conservation point of view as in economic terms. Also, it’s the only measure that aligns the interests of the fishermen, the biologists and the governments. ITQ’s has several advantages like being efficient, as said before, it improves safety, as fishermen don’t need to rush to sea under bad weather conditions, improves the quality for consumer by spreading the fishing season and it incentives for mutual en forcement control.But all of its potential can be wasted if a good monitoring system is not assured. Comparing to a blocking measure, like TAC, its property rights condition correct what it was flawed with the previous policy. Now the fishermen have exclusive rights to a fishery resource, not having to expend effort until profits are zero and, consequently dissipating all the potential rents that the fishery resource could have generated. Marine Resource Management – Assignment 2

Wpa statement on plagiarism Essays

Wpa statement on plagiarism Essays Wpa statement on plagiarism Essay Wpa statement on plagiarism Essay Plagiarism was never as serious an issue as it today. Teachers used to trust their students to speak their own ideas and take responsibility in everything they do. Today, with the birth of the Internet and the countless ideas a student can amass from it, plagiarism is a serious concern everyone in the academe is watching out for. Because of the growing concern of the students credibility and ability to come up with their own ideas, proposals rose to battle such issue, like that of the WPA Statement on Plagiarism. Plagiarism, then, has to be defined before students are taught about the causes and responsibilities that go with it. According to the WPA Statement on Plagiarism, â€Å"plagiarism occurs when a writer deliberately uses someone else’s language, ideas, or other original (not common-knowledge) material without acknowledging its source. Once a student claims that another authors idea as his own, he is automatically considered as someone who is gu ilty of academic misconduct (Council of Writing Program Administrators, 2003).† Teachers, then, must understand that not all students are ready to risk their own thoughts and ideas.Students who are most likely to plagiarize are those who are poor at managing their time, do not treat the subject or course a significant one. In some cases, teachers trigger the students to plagiarize because of the very generic subjects or cheating goes unpunished. On the other hand, some students try their best to avoid plagiarism but because of their lack of knowledge on this matter, their works falsely appear as a plagiarized material. Because of all these, responsibilities must then be shared by students, faculty members and administrators alike. Students should see projects and assignments as avenues for knowledge, faculty members should give assignments that help students stay away from plainly recycling texts and administrators should implement programs that encourage honesty in any academ ic work. â€Å"Battling plagiarism can be done through developing policies, improving teaching materials and educating students about the significance of this issue (Council of Writing Program Administrators, 2003).†ReferenceCouncil of Writing Program Administrators. (2003). Defining and Avoiding Plagiarism:The WPA Statement on Best Practices. Retrieved July 8, 2008, fromwpacouncil.org/node/9.

Brian Nichols †Atlanta Courthouse Killer

Brian Nichols – Atlanta Courthouse Killer On March 11, 2005, Nichols was on trial for rape at the Fulton County Courthouse in Atlanta when he overpowered a female deputy, took her gun, and went into the courtroom where he trial was being held and shot the judge and a court reporter. Nichols is also charged with killing a sheriffs deputy who tried to stop his escape from the courthouse and shooting a federal agent at his home a few miles from the courthouse.Nichols escape set off one of the largest manhunts in Georgia history, which ended after he took Ashley Smith hostage in her apartment and she convinced him to let her leave and then called 9-1-1. Case Developments Brian Nichols Avoids Death Penalty Dec. 12, 2008 Brian Nichols, the convicted Atlanta Courthouse killer, avoided the death penalty when a jury deciding his fate deadlocked after four days of deliberation. The jury was split 9-3 in favor of giving Nichols the death penalty rather than life in prison. Atlanta Courthouse Killer Found GuiltyNov. 7, 2008After deliberating for 12 hours, a jury found the Atlanta Courthouse killer guilty of murder and dozens of other charges in connection with his deadly escape from the Fulton County Courthouse on March 11, 2005. Brian Nichols was found guilty of all 54 charges after pleading not guilty by reason of insanity. Previous Developments Ashley Smith Testifies Against Brian NicholsOct. 6, 2008 The woman who talked accused Atlanta Courthouse killer Brian Nichols into surrendering to police testified at his trial that she appealed to his religious beliefs while she was held captive by him in her apartment. Atlanta Courthouse Shooting Trial UnderwaySept. 22, 2008After years of delays and nine weeks to select a jury of eight women and four men, the trial of accused Atlanta Courthouse shooter Brian Nichols got underway under high security Monday. Nichols has pleaded not guilty by reason of insanity for killing a judge, court reporter and sheriffs deputy at the Fulton County Courthouse and a federal agent later that day. Atlanta Courthouse Shooting Trial Finally BeginsJuly 10, 2008Jury selection has finally begun in the Atlanta Courthouse Shooting a day after Brian Nichols pleaded not guilty by reason of insanity to 54 counts, including the murders of four people. More than 600 witnesses are scheduled to testify in the high-profile trial which could last for months. Mental Exam Ordered for Brian NicholsJune 12, 2008A judge has ruled that prosecutors can have their own psychological expert examine Brian Nichols, who plans to claim he was insane when he shot his way out of an Atlanta courthouse in 2005. Nichols Wants New Judge RemovedApril 23, 2008Brian Nichols defense team claims the judge should recuse himself because he was a friend of one of the victims. Judge Keeps Jury Pool in Brian Nichols CaseApril 11, 2008The new judge in the Atlanta Courthouse Shooting case has ruled that the jury selection process will begin again in July where it left off before being interrupted by the controversy over the funding for the defense. Superior Court Judge Jim Bodiford issued a ruling that jury selection would continue July 10 from the original jury pool of 3,500. Courthouse Shooting Judge Steps DownJan. 30, 2008The controversial judge in the Atlanta Courthouse shooting trial of Brian Nichols has stepped down after a magazine article quoted him saying, everyone in the world knows he did it. County to Help Fund Brian Nichols DefenseJan. 15, 2008The death penalty trial of accused Atlanta Courthouse killer Brian Nichols could begin again as early as mid-March after the Fulton County Commission voted to spend $125,000 to help in his defense by paying for a psychiatric evaluation. Brian Nichols Murder Trial Delayed AgainNov. 16, 2007For the fifth time, the murder trial of accused Atlanta Courthouse Killer Brian Nichols has been delayed due to a lack of funds for his defense. Sticking to his guns despite growing criticism, Judge Hilton Fuller ruled that he will not start the trial until there is more money provided to Nichols defense team. DA Tries to Force Start of Nichols TrialNov. 2, 2007The Fulton County district attorney has filed a complaint with the Georgia Supreme Court in an effort to force the judge in the Atlanta Courthouse Shootings case to resume jury selection. Atlanta Courthouse Shooting Trial to BeginOct. 15, 2007Security will be tight at the Fulton County courthouse this week as the trial of Brian Nichols begins in the same building he is accused of shooting his way out of almost three years ago. Lack of Money May Delay Brian Nichols TrialFeb. 12, 2007The trial of Brian Nichols in the Atlanta courthouse shooting case may be delayed because the agency in charge of paying his court-appointed attorneys is out of money. Atlanta Courthouse Shooting Trial BeginsJan. 11, 2007Although there is absolutely no doubt about the guilt of the defendant, a long, drawn out and expensive trial is scheduled to begin in the same courthouse that also happens to be the scene of the crime. Brian Nichols Trial Delay RejectedDec. 22, 2006Superior Court Judge Hilton Fuller has rejected another defense motion that would have delayed the start of the trial of Brian Nichols. Atlanta Courthouse Shooting Trial to Be Moved?Jan 30, 2006Attorneys for Brian Nichols have asked that his trial be moved to another courthouse, because the current one is the crime scene. Hostage Ashley Smith Gave Nichols MethSept. 28, 2005Ashley Smith, the woman who helped authorities capture Atlanta Courthouse killer Brian Nichols, says in her new book Unlikely Angel that she talked with him about her faith and gave him methamphetamine during her seven-hour hostage ordeal. Previous developments in the Atlanta Courthouse Shooting case: Two Arrested for Murder of Ashley Smiths HusbandJune 23, 2005Four years after Daniel (Mack) Smith was stabbed to death at an August, Georgia apartment complex, two men have been indicted and arrested for the stabbing death of the husband of Ashley Smith, the woman who convinced the Atlanta courthouse killer to turn himself into police. Death Penalty Sought for NicholsMay 5, 2005The Fulton County district attorney will seek the death penalty for the man accused of shooting his way out of an Atlanta courthouse, leaving four people dead and setting off the largest manhunt in Georgia history. Ashley Smith Collects $70,000 RewardMarch 24, 2005Ashley Smith was given $70,000 in reward money for helping authorities capture courthouse shooter Brian Nichols. Hostage: God Brought Him to My DoorMarch 14, 2005Ashley Smith, the 26-year-old hostage who notified police that the Atlanta Courthouse Killer wanted to turned himself in, read to Brian Nichols from The Purpose Driven Life, shared her personal faith, and prayed with him for more than seven hours in her Duluth, Georgia apartment. Courthouse Killer Waves White Flag to SurrenderMarch 12, 2005Brian Nichols, the man who killed three people in a Fulton County Courtroom Friday, waved a white flag to surrender to authorities after they surrounded a Metro Atlanta Area apartment that belonged to a woman who managed to call 911. Courthouse Killer Gives Cops the SlipMarch 11, 2005The manhunt for an Atlanta man who killed three people at the Fulton County Courthouse Friday morning became a lot more complicated when the vehicle the suspect was thought to be driving was found 14 hours later on a lower deck of the same parking from which it was supposedly stolen.

Jacques Herzog and Pierre de Meuron, Modern Architects

Jacques Herzog and Pierre de Meuron, Modern Architects Jacques Herzog (born April 19, 1950) and Pierre de Meuron (born May 8, 1950) are two Swiss architects known for innovative designs and construction using new materials and techniques. The two architects have nearly parallel careers. Both men were born the same year in Basel, Switzerland, attended the same school (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Switzerland), and in 1978 they formed the architectural partnership, Herzog de Meuron. In 2001, they were chosen to share the prestigious Pritzker Architecture Prize. Jacques Herzog and Pierre de Meuron have designed projects in England, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Japan, the United States, and of course, in their native Switzerland. They have built residences, several apartment buildings, libraries, schools, a sports complex, a photographic studio, museums, hotels, railway utility buildings, and office and factory buildings. Selected Projects: 1999-2000: Apartment buildings, Rue des Suisses, Paris, France1998-2000: Roche Pharma Research Institute Building 92 / Building 41, Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland2000: Tate Modern, London Bankside, UK1998-1999: Central Signal Tower, Basel, Switzerland1998: Ricola Marketing Building, Laufen, Switzerland1996-1998: Dominus Winery, Yountville, California1993: Ricola-Euope SA Production and Storage Building, Mulhouse-Brunstatt, France1989-1991: Ricola Factory Addition and Glazed Canopy, Laufen, Switzerland2003: Prada Boutique Aoyama, Tokyo, Japan2004: IKMZ der BTU Cottbus, Library at Brandenburg University of Technology (BTU), Cottbus, Germany,2004: Edifici Fà ²rum, Barcelona, Spain2005: Allianz Arena, Mà ¼nchen-Frà ¶ttmaning, Germany2005: Walker Art Center expansion, Minneapolis. MN2008: Beijing National Stadium, Beijing, China2010: 1111 Lincoln Road (parking garage), Miami Beach, Florida2012: Serpentine Gallery Pavilion, Kensington Gardens, London, UK2012: Parrish Art Museum, Long Island, New York 2015: Grand Stade de Bordeaux, France2016: Elbphilharmonie concert hall, Hamburg, Germany2017: 56 Leonard Street (Jenga Tower), New York City2017: La tour Triangle, Porte de Versailles, Paris, France2017: M Visual Art Museum in Kowloon, Hong Kong Related People: Rem Koolhaas, Pritzker Prize Laureate, 2000 I.M. Pei, 1983 Pritzker Laureate Robert Venturi, Pritzker Prize Laureate, 1991 Thom Mayne, 2005 Pritzker Laureate Zaha Hadid, Pritzker Prize Laureate, 2004 Commentary on Herzog and de Meuron from the Pritzker Prize Committee: Among their completed buildings, the Ricola cough lozenge factory and storage building in Mulhouse, France stands out for its unique printed translucent walls that provide the work areas with a pleasant filtered light. A railway utility building in Basel, Switzerland called Signal Box has an exterior cladding of copper strips that are twisted at certain places to admit daylight. A library for the Technical University in Eberswalde, Germany has 17 horizontal bands of iconographic images silk screen printed on glass and on concrete. An apartment building on Schà ¼tzenmattstrasse in Basel has a fully glazed street facade that is covered by a moveable curtain of perforated latticework. While these unusual construction solutions are certainly not the only reason for Herzog and de Meuron being selected as the 2001 Laureates, Pritzker Prize jury chairman, J. Carter Brown, commented, One is hard put to think of any architects in history that have addressed the integument of architecture with greater imagination and virtuosity. Ada Louise Huxtable, architecture critic and member of the jury, commented further about Herzog and de Meuron, They refine the traditions of modernism to elemental simplicity, while transforming materials and surfaces through the exploration of new treatments and techniques. Another juror, Carlos Jimenez from Houston who is professor of architecture at Rice University, said, One of the most compelling aspects of work by Herzog and de Meuron is their capacity to astonish. And from juror Jorge Silvetti, who chairs the Department of Architecture, Graduate School of Design at Harvard University, ...all of their work maintains throughout, the stable qualities that have always been associated with the best Swiss architecture: conceptual precision, formal clarity, economy of means and pristine detailing and craftsmanship.

Branding Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5750 words

Branding - Essay Example The idea that you are what you buy - that possessions confer status - has long existed and guided some purchasing, as most notably observed by Thorstein Veblen (1899). However, as status became associated with specific brands, the next step historically became the marketing of brand imitations.The act of branding can be traced back to the early 1800's when cowboys would brand their cattle before driving them across the central plains of the United States (Rozin 2002). In order to identify which cattle belonged to each ranch a unique symbol was permanently burned onto the cow. These symbols, in addition to serving as a means of identification, provided a set of traditions and a social identity for the cowboys.Today, companies use brands to distinguish themselves from their competition and to communicate unique qualities of their products (Aaker and Keller 1990; Low and Fullerton 1994). Once a brand is established, the brand name itself is thought to add value to the product in the min ds of consumers. This added value is referred to as brand equity (Aaker 1991). Companies and designers often employ marketing strategies that capitalize on their brand equity and place a greater value on the shapes and labels of their products than the material from which they are made. Such companies provide buyers with what are conventionally called elite brands, defined by Silverstein and Fiske (2003) as those brands that possess higher levels of quality, taste and aspiration than other brands in the product category. These products are often justifiably priced higher than other brands in order to make their brand seem exclusive and more prestigious. For example, elite designers are able to transform a 10 pound t-shirt into a $200 sought after treasure (Chatpaiboon 2004). Recently, Hermes reported that customers were placed on a two-year waiting list for their most popular Birkin bag, which retails for $6000 (Branch 2004). On EBay, women engaged in bidding wars over a blue Birkin bag for which the winner ultimately paid over $13,000 (Rose 2003). Many manufacturers have been successful in commanding a price premium for their brands. However, it seems that some designers and manufacturers have become victims of their own success. Once an elite brand has become so closely associated with status and prestige in the minds of consumers, it is only natural that other companies would want to imitate it (Rose 2003). Those who use brand imitating as a strategy to facilitate the adoption of their new product copy certain characteristics of the original brand (Kotler and Keller 2007). Previous research has shown that consumers often use their existing perceptions of a brand to evaluate new offerings such a product or line extensions (Aaker and Keller 1990). Because it appears similar to the original brand, consumers will then transfer attributes of the original

The Learning Curve Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Learning Curve - Essay Example As the essay starts, David Sedaris is found saying â€Å"The teaching job was offered at the last minute, when the scheduled teacher found a better paying job of delivering pizza† (Sedaris, 2009, p.83). This sentence is very funny as it creates a situation in the mind of readers that the scheduled teacher was just about to make his way to school but then he changed his path and opted to deliver pizza for more money. Thinking about a teacher (or about to be teacher) delivering pizza on a bike itself seems very funny. In the very next sentence David Sedaris is found saying that he was given two weeks to prepare and in those two weeks he did prepare by standing in front of the mirror and practicing â€Å"Hello , class, my name is Mr. Sedaris† (Sedaris, 2009, p.83). The author has used irony in this particular sentence to elucidate his situation. He was given a couple of weeks to prepare notes and practise the way he would teach instead he spent those weeks in practising ho w he would introduce himself to the class. In one part of the essay, David Sedaris writes â€Å"childbirth is one of those details that looks to slip the mind of most opera characters† (Sedaris, 2009, p.85). It was funny to read this because of the situation that was created before this sentence actually emerged in the essay. David Sedaris was describing Victoria Buchanan high-school reunion and how she passed out and ended up with a hippie. It was then the writer said the following words. This type of humour is called ‘cheesy comedy.’ Under such type of comedy a writer looks to humorously degrade someone or a group of people by making through jokes. In reality people forget that someone is being degraded because the joy of laughter is greater than the insult being made (Young, 2002, p.95). At one other portion of the essay the writer writes â€Å"Nobody dies on Wednesday – hadn’t these people learned anything?† (Sedaris, 2009, p.86). The fun ny thing about the sentence is that David Sedaris is the teacher and he is asking whether the students had or had not learned anything. His clueless state of mind together with the absurd reasoning that nobody dies on Wednesday makes him sound like a ‘slapstick’ comedian. According to Judy Carter, slapstick comedy is something that makes an actor look foolish and funny at a very serious entourage. Thus when David Sedaris says that nobody dies on Wednesday on a serious situation it makes him sound goofy and slapstick (Carter, 2001, p.60). Although it might be used as light humour, some of the text might be offending to some of the readers and could be regarded as a little controversial. When David Sedaris says that he managed to get the teaching job as the scheduled teacher failed to show up because he got a better paid pizza delivery job, he seems to degrade the teaching occupation. Teaching is regarded as a very respectable job as it is expected from the teachers to im part knowledge and groom the youth of a nation. But it does not look like David Sedaris places the same importance to it. Also he is shown as an irresponsible teacher setting the wrong kind of example to the other teachers to follow. There comes huge responsibility with this occupation and the writer clearly laid more emphasis on his semblance when he talked about rehearsing in front of the mirror. Though funny it sets the wrong message to the larger audience. The

Management accounting Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Management accounting - Assignment Example The report elaborates the cash budget, budgeted income statement and budgeted statement of financial position based on the available data that is estimated by Edith. Thus, it helps her to recognize the benefits and deficiency of her financial plan to start the new business. The capital budgeting techniques are applied to evaluate the financial position of the business. The sensitivity analysis is also executed for examining the effect of change in cost of sales and price on cash flow. The calculations are depicted in the excel sheet however, the tables are provided in the report to discuss about the financial viability of the business. The table above highlights the fact that the business will encounter highly fluctuating ending cash balance during the period from January to June 2015. The fluctuation is shown in the figure provided below. From the above figure it can be concluded that the business will encounter fluctuations in ending cash balance due to the variations in sales and expenditure of the business. Hence, it can be stated that the estimated sales value are not appropriate for the business. Edith needs to revise it for increasing the ending cash balance during the referred time period. A  budgeted income statement  consist all the items that are present in the income statements of a particular company (Baker and English, 2011; Balakrishnan, Sivaramakrishnan and Sprinkle, 2009). The only difference is that the income statements are prepared after considering the actual value of the business whereas the budgeted income statements is a projection of the income statement during budgeting periods in the future. A budgeted income statement is prepared for Edith’s business to highlight its profit or loss at the end of 2015. The budgeted income statement is prepared for one year staring from January 2015 to December 2015 (including both months). The table provided above evaluates the profit of Edith’s

Labor Issue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Labor Issue - Essay Example The overall psyche of United States administrations is developed to cut off their budgets at all levels including federal, state, and local levels. One of the major actions that the administrations generally take being a quick step to cut the expenditures is the slashing of the jobs. This measure simply ends up in getting rid of the â€Å"excess fat† from the existing jobs. However, this step brings in more depression and disappointments especially among those who are the direct victims of such actions. The end results of laying offs can prove to be rather severe especially in those areas where there is no room for any dismissal, in fact, more personnel are required to fill the potentially vacant jobs. Laying offs may provide some temporary benefits to the administrations in short rum but in long run it can sabotage morale of the fired employees by and large. In United States, there are many important departments, which operate their functions under local level administrations. These departments play a significant role in the normal day-to-day operations at the local city level. Policing department and firefighting service departments are some of those departments, which perform their operations under the direct supervision of the local administration. As mentioned above, currently US government at all levels is quite reluctant to boost its economic activities and due to this fact, all the administrations taking all the necessary steps to keep the expenditure level at its minimum. The fiscal budget of Detroit City is aimed at reducing the expenditure by some $250 million with the job cut of around 2,600 employees working in the local departments (FireRescue1, 2012). As far as the firefighting department of Detroit City is concerned, the administration has aimed to cut around $160 million, which is around 13% of the budget. In the same way, the City Mayor of

Pregnant Women Whose Age is Over Forty Assignment - 1

Pregnant Women Whose Age is Over Forty - Assignment Example In general, this group of women is in the most difficult phase in its womanhood: menopause period. There are several changes that occur in their bodies that are mainly biological; undoubtedly, the physiological modification has the direct and visible effect on the psychological aspect of the person undergoing such body changes. Pregnancy in this particular period is very dangerous for women who undergo such childbearing. Â  Based on certain statistics, women of such age bracket are twice more at risk of having a fetal demise in contrast to the younger women (Klossner, 2006). This implies that in giving birth to a newborn baby, the lives of the women whose age is over 40 are in greater danger than those of the women below such age bracket. This sort of tragedy (i.e., death) from childbearing is largely attributed to the physiological characteristic characterized in the at-risk group of women. Due to dramatic changes in their bodies (e.g., ovaries), pregnancy for this group of women is complicated, which leads, at certain times, to their ultimate demise. Moreover, women who are pregnant in their 40s and above are more likely to have a type of cesarean delivery (Klossner, 2006). In contrast to young women, women of considerable age are prone to cesarean operation probably due to the biological complexity inherent in menopausal stage. It is noteworthy that there are two human beings that are at risk in this type of scenario: the mother and the baby. Â  In the process, the at-risk group of women inevitably needs vital support from the family in particular and the community in general. In the absence of the family, the community through its resources is essential in facilitating the pregnant woman whose age is over 40.

Answer this question Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Answer this question - Assignment Example 1. Their bodies were short and stockier compared to humans. This characteristic is because of the environments the inhabited. The cold conditions were responsible for their body statue. ("Neanderthals Characteristics Search") 2. The metric analysis is applied to bones remains to study them. This analysis involves using a standard requirements recorded for measuring of sizes of bones. In this situation, one would access the bones and try and date the time of their existence ("Spoilheap Archaeology"). The hole in his vertebrae through which the spinal cord goes has only half as those for regular humans. It explained that they lacked the fine motor control to control speech and were not eloquent like humans. 2. Reproduction involves the formation of gametes. The gametes have half chromosomes from the father and half from the mother. It ensures the newly formed species is different from the mother and father(variation). Sexual selection is the differential variances in male and female mating success. Males have higher variances than

Pregnant Women Whose Age is Over Forty Assignment - 1

Pregnant Women Whose Age is Over Forty - Assignment Example In general, this group of women is in the most difficult phase in its womanhood: menopause period. There are several changes that occur in their bodies that are mainly biological; undoubtedly, the physiological modification has the direct and visible effect on the psychological aspect of the person undergoing such body changes. Pregnancy in this particular period is very dangerous for women who undergo such childbearing. Â  Based on certain statistics, women of such age bracket are twice more at risk of having a fetal demise in contrast to the younger women (Klossner, 2006). This implies that in giving birth to a newborn baby, the lives of the women whose age is over 40 are in greater danger than those of the women below such age bracket. This sort of tragedy (i.e., death) from childbearing is largely attributed to the physiological characteristic characterized in the at-risk group of women. Due to dramatic changes in their bodies (e.g., ovaries), pregnancy for this group of women is complicated, which leads, at certain times, to their ultimate demise. Moreover, women who are pregnant in their 40s and above are more likely to have a type of cesarean delivery (Klossner, 2006). In contrast to young women, women of considerable age are prone to cesarean operation probably due to the biological complexity inherent in menopausal stage. It is noteworthy that there are two human beings that are at risk in this type of scenario: the mother and the baby. Â  In the process, the at-risk group of women inevitably needs vital support from the family in particular and the community in general. In the absence of the family, the community through its resources is essential in facilitating the pregnant woman whose age is over 40.

Intercultural communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Intercultural communication - Essay Example It is way better than gestures some of which may be unacceptable in the patient’s culture. The use of pictorials involves provision of empty charts and marker pens, or a board where the patient is to describe his ailment or symptoms using pictures such as that of the stomach of head among others (Behar, et al. 201, pp. 476). The nurse will then point to various parts of the body to ask the questions and verify the symptoms. This will take longer as well. When the patients are unable to communicate effectively with the nurses or doctors, it means that diagnosis will be unable to be completed or will have numerous errors which may lead to more health problems with the patient. There are also other traditions which put restrictions on the type of healthcare worker they can have attending to them or the type of medication they can be provided with which hinders the treatment process as well as making the treatment process take unnecessarily longer in order to address the challenges (Srivastava, 2007, pp. 103). Behar, S. et al. (2013, October). Use of an Emergency Medical Pictorial Communication Book During Simulated Disaster Conditions. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 7(5): 475-480. DOI:

Several 300 Word Articles English Language Essay

Several 300 Word Articles English Language Essay The earth was corrupt before God and filled with crime. God saw the earth, and saw that it was corrupt, for all living beings had perverted their ways on the earth. If it were you, how will you paint a picture of The Flood? The famous Bible story has been numerously portrayed as the end of the world or the future of the world. Movies often focus on the repentance aspect, on making you feel guilty and on believing on the hope of life symbolized by Noahs ark. Inspiring as it may seem, it takes away the topic at hand the flood. Lego came up with something no less than extraordinary. In the first few chapters of the Book of Genesis, you will read the part where Adam and Eve realized they were naked and they tried to hide from God. Of course God caught them and banished them from paradise, however, if you try to focus on the prior, where Adam and Eve realized something and they tried to hide it, youll realize now that the action is just human nature. That action has become a human trait that was passed on to one person across history to us. We must understand what Adam and Eve felt then, we wouldnt want to be caught naked by our parents, much worse, naked and making love with someone, do we? Now, if God went away for a business trip and we were left alone, what will we do? Stay home and do nothing? I guess not. And that was how it was like during the time of the flood. Lets say God focused on other matters and when the time came that He went back home to check on His children, what He saw was something too grave that he brought about the flood. The Bible was a little figurative with its description. Lego was literal. Lego captured critical elements that show people doing something against nature. This includes drinking too much, gambling, fighting or killing each other (whatever reason that may be), cutting down trees, whatever was depicted as wrong between couples (girl-boy and boy-boy) and whatever that man is doing with the lego sheep. This is a camera moment you wouldnt want to be part of, even if you are guilty. This is like being part of a you got busted program. And we all know what happened next, the flood came and we are alive. 300 words on http://www.thebricktestament.com/genesis/cain_and_abel/gn04_01a.html Talk about how detailed the creations are and then give a background on who Cain and Abel are. The good thing about the Bible is there is nothing malicious about what was being described. There is just the natural course of events. Adam and Eve was banished from Paradise and had to learn about life the hard way, they must have been really stressed with their situation. It was indeed a blessing, they had each other. Adam and Eve had sex as was depicted by the bricks and eventually, Eve bore a son they named Cain. The bricks captured a very detailed description. It portrayed the closest home possible at that time. It included fire which Adam and Even used to keep them warm and to cook food. It has a pet, a horse and the house seemed to be surrounded by trees and very near running water. If we were to follow the story, the place is conducive to raise a child. Their joy was even greater when they were blessed with another son, whom they named Abel. But the joy was to be cut short. The Brick Testament captured the story of Cain and Abel clearly without amiss. The bricks were arranged delicately showing abundant crops and fruits as well as a flock of sheep with horses, a cow and a goat which shall help one see that Cain became a farmer or tiller of the soil and that Abel became a shepherd. The bricks couldnt portray the fire but the next scene depicted the brothers giving God their offering. Even God was portrayed as a figure in the Brick Testament. He favored Abels offering which caused Cain much distress to the point that he has killed his brother. The Bricks were arranged in a storyboard display. If it can be made into modern animation, it wouldnt be short of scenes. The picture where Cain has killed Abel was very animated. The axe on Cains hand and that expression on his face, with Abel on the floor face down with a little red around him to signify the blood was a perfect rendition of the scene. The angle at which the pictures were taken adds focus to the characters depicted in the story. Genesis Chapter 4 couldnt be more clear and detailed than the way the Brick Testament presented it. 300 words on Lego South Park South Park has fast gained its popularity since it was first aired in the 90s. Its considered cartoons for a mature audience focusing on nasty humor amongst four kids. Opening its upcoming 14th season, its quite fitting to consider, where does Lego come in play? Lego enthusiasts have begun exploring building South Park characters from their bricks. Although Lego hasnt come up of a South Park themed System, Lego enthusiasts are but excited to push the concept and share their talent. Eric Cartman Eric Cartman is considered the antagonist of the series. He seems to be a sociopath behaving as if hes against everything else outside of himself and he Kyle and Kenny (the two other main characters in the series). The article doesnt say who built this Lego art but it seemed to be almost a life-size of Eric Cartman. The pale colors of his hat and shirt was ultimately captured, as well as his pale skin color. His obese body was obvious, as well as his big eyes and half-opened mouth. The Lego piece, however, did not capture the plump cheeks that Eric has. In a way, he looks malnourished but the display is nothing short of wonderful. Kenny McCormick Oh my God, they killed Kenny! You bastards! This is a phrase often associated to Kenny McCormick at the South Park series. He seemed to have a habit of dying in almost all episodes but managing to return alive on the succeeding ones. His deaths are usually gross and each time, Stan or Kyle manages to mention the phrase mentioned already. After his death, rats suddenly appear to eat his corpse. His deaths however, were cut short as another character was given more prime, Butters. The Lego depicting Kenny captures the parka hood he wears as well as his partially covered face. The Lego captured him with an axe piercing his skill and is in the process of dying because the rats are already gnawing his brain and his body. It does look violent but this is exactly Kennys role in South Park, up until the 6th episode at least. Butters Scotch In the South Park series, Butters, generally replaced Kennys character and has often become the subject of Erics exploits. He rarely complains and maintains a mild temperament until he assumes another character later on. The Lego piece captures everything about Butters Scotch, from the hair, eyes, clothes, shoes, even the skin color. It was an amazing Lego piece standing 12 inches tall. It looks even better than the plush toy. Sources: http://www.mocpages.com/moc.php/5291 http://www.trendhunter.com/photos/47942/1 http://granturismomh.deviantart.com/art/Lego-South-Park-131424068 200 words on http://www.dpreview.com/news/1002/10022301ricohgxrmodules.asp Serious photographers will be glad to know that Ricoh has announced an addition to its recent GXR Camera System. The GXR Camera System allows a photographer to mix and match camera units (lens, image sensor and image processing engine) and as the new system gains its popularity, Ricoh decides to further enhance and maximize the GXR Camera Systems potential. Camera unit RICOH LENS P10 28-300 mm F3.5-5.6 VC The unit primarily, offers a wide-angle zoom combined with 120 frame/second high-speed continuous shoot. The addition of the back-illuminated sensor allows shooting from low light to bright light without sacrificing image quality. Tentative release is summer 2010. Camera unit GR LENS A12 28mm F2.5 This camera uses a combination of a specific CMOS sensor and GR ENGINE II image processing producing high definition pictures with smooth tone gradations. It also offers a manual focus ring that is important in specific focus adjustments. Tentative release is Winter 2010. Final Note RICOH LENS P10 29-300 mm F3.5-5.6 is going to be available for display from March 11 to March 14 at Tokyo, Japan. Product names and specifications may change until final product release. Reviews are available contrasting GXR System to that of SLR and DSLR Cameras. The pros and cons are still immature for GXR is still relatively young in the photography scene. The prices are high and may even be outrageous for some but the equipment is nothing short of excellent and only worthy of serious photographers who are not afraid to try something new. Other article source: http://www.ricoh.com/r_dc/gxr/features.html 200 words on http://www.dpreview.com/lensreviews/canon_100_2p8_is_usm_c16/ Canon EF 100mm F2.8L IS USM MACRO Canon developed a Hybrid Image Stabilizer around July of last year and has released during the last quarter of the same year, the first macro telephoto lens that shall help improve shots taken at closer distance or macro-shooting. The Hybrid IS technology optimizes image quality by preventing errors caused by camera shake. Blurred images are thus minimized. Canon EF 100mm F2.8L IS USM MACRO, primarily offers the Hybrid IS technology and from the term itself, a 100mm focal length, ideal for close-up and macro shots. Its other features seem to be geared on helping photographers take shots in a smaller distance, even without the need of a tripod as the new technology should help minimize the errors caused by the camera shakes. Reviews regard the Canon EF 100mm F2.8L IS USM MACRO as an optional investment. While it gives exceptional results for most of the features the lens offer, it does not seem to do justice to the press release about the Hybrid IS Technology. Seemingly a work in progress, we can only expect the best from the succeeding line of products from Canon. Other article source: http://www.dpreview.com/news/0907/09072207canonhybridis.asp 200 words on http://ezinearticles.com/?Cowboy-Fashion-Dosid=208698 (do not mention brand names) If you have watched The Good, the Bad and the Ugly (or any of those Cowboy films that star Clint Eastwood), Back to the Future Part III or perhaps Shanghai Noon, then you must have an idea how Cowboy attire can be said to be both a classic and at the same time, a fashion trend. Lets take cowboy hats, for example. Straw cowboy hats are most popular for its price, convenience and practicality. Usually, light colored and should be worn on summer or dry seasons, straw cowboy hats allow the person to feel comfortable with such an airy form of cowboy hat. Wool, fur and felt cowboy hats are usually dark colored and are worn on winter or dark seasons. These help protect the person by keeping their heads warm. Cowboy hats, therefore, are seasonal, and in terms of fashion, should be used according to tradition, culture and trend. Some of the most important things about cowboy hats are: Cowboy hats are worn in public places, not at home nor in a church. Cowboy hats are used to show respect to women, officials and even church officials. Do not wear white cowboy hats after Labor day. Do not take or wear your cowboy hat in a dining table. 300 words on How to get rid of eyebags the natural way Ever heard someone tease you for being unable to sleep based on the dark circles on your eyes and you just say, yes? Then, you might be in for a long lecture. A common misconception about eyebags is that it is caused by lack of sleep. Eyebags is a collective word pertaining to anything under the eye: swell-like or puffy area, actual bags, dark circles and even, shadows and they are not entirely caused by lack of sleep. Eye bags are generally caused by age and improper diet and lifestyle. It is theorized that age makes you body weak and this includes the ligaments that hold the little fat under the eye area and as a result, pushes the fat forward causing the bag. Another theory is eating too much salty food which retains water while another is lack of exercise and body rest which makes the body weaker and thus reduced blood circulation. Nasal allergies may also cause under-eye puffiness. Plastic surgery or blepharoplasty is the fastest way to remove eye bags. Botox and face lifts are often considered as part of the procedure. On the other hand, there are other natural ways to get rid of eyebags. (1) Proper Diet, Exercise and Sleep. Any form of ailment is usually a result of abuse on the body. Treating the body will help treat the problem. Avoid salty food, exercise to remove excess salt and fat and give your body enough time to recuperate by sleeping at least 8 hours a day. Drinking plenty of liquids will also help reduce salt and fat in the body. Minimize smoking and alcohol and eat food rich in Vitamin K and Vitamin E. (2) Relax the eye area. Massage the eye area by gently tapping the eye area with your finger tips. This will increase blood circulation and relax your eye muscles a bit. Do at least once a day. You may also apply a cold compress to help minimize the swelling and relax your eye further. Usual cold compress regiments are potato slices, cucumber slices, back of the spoon, tea bags and or flower leaves. Do at least once a day, leaving the cold compress 10-15 minutes with your eyes closed. (3) Apply an eye cream with Vitamin K and Retinol or use under eye treatment available in drugstores. This is not ultimately natural but is based on natural products. You may also extract the liquid from Vitamin E capsules and place them over your eye (eyes closed) to help reduce eye bags. The key to a successful natural treatment is discipline. The natural way is something that is done in a regular basis and is not a one or two-session treatment compared to the surgery option. It does not deliver immediate results but does help a person become healthy in totality, not just for the purposes of removing the eye bags. Sources: http://www.scienceline.org/2008/10/13/ask-peretsman-eye-under-bags/ http://women.webmd.com/features/banish-the-bags-under-your-eyes http://www.trap17.com/index.php/Cheap-Natural-Methods-Rid-Eyebags_t62170.html http://www.wikihow.com/Get-Rid-of-Black-Circles-Under-Your-Eyes http://www.getridofthings.com/get-rid-of-bags-under-eyes.htm 200 words on how to get rid of dark circles under the eyes Some people say that the concern over the dark circles under the eyes is purely aesthetic. Some attribute it to the amount of work and stress a person undergoes, while some others simply treat it as a fact of life. The truth is the dark circles under the eyes are irregularities. They are no different from flab or belly pouches, double chins or cellulite on the hips or thighs. In many ways, it maybe purely aesthetic and simply, a means to adapt to the common notion of a beautiful body but in this regard, it will be purely about health. Dark circles under the eyes, theoretically speaking, occur due fat accumulation. As a person ages, the fat is pushed outward, thereby causing shadows or circles under the eye. On the other hand, there are other reasons why this happen or why this worsens over time. This includes allergies, lack of sleep and rest, stress, improper diet and lack of exercise. Some common ways to get rid of dark circles under the eyes are: (1) Balanced diet, regular exercise and enough sleep. (2) Applying eye cream and/or moisturizer. Choose creams that are high in Vitamin K, Vitamin E and/or Retinol. (3) Cucumber slices or Potato slices for 10-15 minutes, in the morning. Rinse off with warm water afterwards. (4) Cold compress and minor massage to improve blood circulation. (5) Proper makeup not a permanent way to get rid of dark circles but may come in handy. Do not use bright or light colored make-up as it makes the dark circles more visible. Use foundation first and if the dark circles do not improve, apply a concealer that is one to two shades darker than your foundation. Peach or salmon-color usually does the trick. Additional Sources: http://women.webmd.com/features/banish-the-bags-under-your-eyes?page=4 http://www.ultimate-cosmetics.com/dark-circles.htm 200 words on How to Whiten your Skin One classic fairy tale has told us that long black hair and white skin makes the fairest of all women. Its been many years since and many of us still believe in fairy tales and the idea that a fair skin makes a woman beautiful. Some of the common ways to whiten your skin are: (1) Proper diet and vitamins. The skin reflects how healthy a person is. Minimize your salt and sugar intake, drink more water (over soda or carbonated drinks) and eat plenty of fruits. Vitamin D and Vitamin E helps nurture and protect the skin. Get plenty or enough sleep to help the body recuperate. (2) Use available skin care products including whitening lotion, moisturizers and sunscreen lotion. Be reminded that sunscreen lotion helps protect the skin as you use other regimens. Too much sunscreen lotion doesnt help in whitening skin. (3) Some facial wash or soaps have active ingredients that trigger peeling or exfoliation. Some contains Salicylic Acid which is good at bleaching. Be sure to consult your dermatologist as even if these products are properly tested before it reached the market, a persons skin type may not be appropriate to the regimen chosen. (4) Wash your face with a mixture of milk and lemon juice. Milk makes the skin supple and fresh and the little bleach makes the skin fairer while lemon enhances the procedure because of its natural acidity. (5) You may also use papaya juice. Apply it on the skin, let it stay for 10 to 20 minutes and rinse off. (6) Other natural methods may be combined with one and the other to achieve better results. You may use a tomato and lime juice mask, honey or Aloe vera as a moisturizer or Olive oil with granulated sugar for exfoliation. (7) Doctor/dermatologist procedures such as chemical peel or skin bleaching. Bear in mind that beauty must not be misconstrued. Amongst many, being healthy is always better than adapting to the what is believed to be beautiful. Scientifically speaking, whiter skin means lower melanin production and thus, higher risk to skin problems. Moderation is the key. Sources: http://www.howtoall.com/Healthfiles/howtowhitenyourskin.htm http://www.beautytips.ayurvediccure.com/body-basics/skin-whitening.htm http://www.ehow.com/how_4743915_whiten-skin-naturally.html http://www.blurtit.com/q327498.html http://www.thriftyfun.com/tf695424.tip.html 300 words on Lego Cowboys (if you will be talking about pictures of Lego minifigs, please supply me with the URL at the end of your article) Lego has consistently come up with various themes that appeal to the general public both the kids and the kids at heart. Although it is fitting to say that the theme usually rides whatever is common at the time, the Wild West remains wild and alive with the Lego System Cowboys minifligs. Sheriffs Showdown is an adaptation of a criminal chase in the wild west. With just enough pieces to set the imaginary cowboy feel, the bad-ass looking bandit and the clean and awarded cowboy sheriff minifligs completes the set with a very elegant touch of realism. Covered Wagon is a simple system, primarily capturing a transport theme. The Cavalry Lieutenant miniflig completes the set together with the horse lego, wheels and the pieces that shall comprise the wagon. If you want to complete an ideal event, try to combine Sheriffs Showdown with Sheriffs Lock-up. Sheriffs Lock-up creates the jail break set-up as in this system, there are 2 bandits and only 1 soldier which is the sheriff. Another cowboy miniflig is included but that can be treated as a casualty during a jail break. This shall add tons of fun in the Lego Cowboy world. Bandits Secret Hide-Out is all about crime never paying. From the title itself, the hide-out is supposed to keep out everyone else and with the 3 bandits outnumbering the 2 soldiers in minifligs number, this is the bandits turf. No harm can come to them with their guns, canons and tower-like hole. Whats a cowboy theme without the bank robbery? Gold City Junction captures this concept perfectly, situating only 2 soldier minifligs which includes the sheriff and 4 cowboys including the banker and the bandit. Conspiracy is the key. The theme is set in major action with bricks and pieces that connote a shoot-out or perhaps a run too common for the Wild. Fort Legoredo is the ultimate Cowboy themed Lego System. Coming with 10 minifligs and over 500 pieces to set-up a police headquarters, the set encourages many action-packed possibilities. The watch tower at the back and the two towers in front are great look-out standpoint. The spacious headquarters, the prison and the stable inside Fort Legoredo are also good areas of action. Generally, the 4 bandits will not stand a chance over the 6 Cavalry soldiers properly positioned in the system however, with great imagination, that picture can be reversed. The Lego System Cowboys Sets were first released in 1996. It was re-issued recently and is still considered a valuable collection item. Sources: http://www.brickset.com/detail/?Set=6712-1 http://www.brickset.com/detail/?Set=6716-1 http://www.brickset.com/detail/?Set=6755-1 http://www.brickset.com/detail/?Set=6761-1 http://www.brickset.com/detail/?Set=6765-1 http://www.brickset.com/detail/?Set=6769-1

Essay --

Candide is a famous French satire written by French philosopher, Voltaire. In this satire, Voltaire humorously ridicules Leibniz’s belief of optimism, the violence the military employ during war and the hypocrisy of religion. This essay aims to describe some of the techniques that Voltaire uses to satirize Leibniz through the character of Pangloss, the military through the Bulgarian War, and religious figures through the hypocrisy of the Grand Inquisitor and the Friar, showing how the humor is achieved in the description of the characters. One of the ‘important’ figures Voltaire satirizes would be Leibniz and his theory of philosophical optimism. According to Leibniz, we live in â€Å"the best of all possible worlds† and Voltaire ridicules this in his novel by introducing the character of Pangloss who also believed that â€Å"things cannot be otherwise than they are: for all being created for an end, all is necessarily for the best end.† (Chapter 1, p1) Throughout this novel, no matter the misfortunes Pangloss encounters, he would defend optimism by claiming, â€Å"all is for the best† then continue to justify the possible reasons for such an occurrence. One prominent example would be when Pangloss had unfortunately contracted syphilis from Paquetta, yet he reasoned that â€Å"it was a thing unavoidable, a necessary ingredient in the best of worlds; for if Columbus had not caught in an island in America this disease, which contaminates the source of generation, and frequently impedes propagation itself, and is evidently opposed to the great end of nature, we should have had neither chocolate nor cochineal.† (Chapter 4, p8) The foolishness and incessant belief of Pangloss' optimism is thoroughly displayed here as Voltaire uses the technique of irony ... ...ous figures in Candide seem to almost all be corrupted and deceitful with the exception of a few like Jacques, and the characters in Candide seem to be accustomed to such occurrences, displaying little shock at their ‘unholy’ behavior. Such a manner of portraying these characters further enunciates Voltaire’s view on various religious people. In conclusion, through techniques such as irony, exaggeration, parody and understatement, Voltaire effectively satirizes Leibniz, the military and religious figures, mocking Leibniz’s philosophy of optimism, disapproving the brutality of the military and criticizing the hypocrisy of religious figures. Humor was achieved through the irony and exaggeration he cleverly wove into his novel, making it much easier for the readers to swallow despite the novel being highly critical of his modern society, addressing many serious issues.

The History of Jamaican Slavery :: American America History

Jamaica’s history is full of social unrest. The island was originally inhabited by the Arawaks. The Arawaks were a peaceful, pleasant race. In his History of the British West Indies, Sir Alan Burns says, "all accounts credit them with being generous-minded, affectionate and good-humoured" (37). Once Jamaica was "discovered" by Spain in 1494, however, the Arawaks, who had inhabited the island for centuries, quickly died off due to the harsh treatment of the Spaniards. Spain never really developed the land, however, and thus when British forces invaded in 1655, Spain chose not to focus much energy on defending the island. The British found Jamaica to be much more profitable than the Spanish had. It eventually became one of the most lucrative colonies in the British empire due to its dominance in sugar exports: from the mid 1700’s until the close of the slave trade in Jamaica in the 1830’s, Jamaica accounted for 42 percent of sugar imported into Britain (Burnard and Morgan 3). Unfortunately, these benefits for the British empire came at a significant cost to the hundreds of thousands of Africans who became unwillingly caught up in the trade triangle between England, Africa and the Caribbean. In their essay "The Dynamics of the Slave Market and Slave Purchasing Patterns in Jamaica, 1655-1788," Trevor Burnard and Kenneth Morgan say: "Jamaica had the largest demand for slaves of any British colony in the Americas" (2). By the end of the eighteenth century there were more than 300, 000 slaves in Jamaica; and the fact that the slaves outnumbered the plantation owners was unsettling for many of the wealthy, white inhabitants of the island. The political system basically consisted of a governor who represented the Crown and the Assembly of Planters, who both were against the slaves. Adding to the unrest of the island was the existence of the Maroons. When the British invaded the island they demanded that the Spaniards surrender. In miscalculation, however, they gave them time to consider the offer. The Spaniards fled the island, but not before setting loose their cattle and freeing their slaves. These freed slaves then retreated to the mountains and developed their own threatening communities in the wild mountain interior of Jamaica (Hamshere 140). Often they terrorized the English by setting fire to homes and buildings or by murdering soldiers. The Maroons were not truly a vicious people, however they did feel the need to defend their freedom from the British by any means necessary.