Juvenile Justice and Rehabilitation - 2500 Words

Juvenile Justice and Rehabilitation When discussing rehabilitation or punishment for juvenile delinquents, I believe there should be rehabilitation over punishment. Granted there are numerous cases that completely warrant punishment, but punishment isn’t always the answer. Adults are usually given second, third and fourth chances to change their lives. And sometimes rehabilitation isn’t involved. I believe since adolescents still have plenty of time to get counseling or learn about themselves and why they acted the way they did, there is always an opportunity for them to change. Adolescents don’t have the same thought process as adults. They tend to react emotionally, so if their emotions are flying high, adolescents aren’t always able†¦show more content†¦Of course if probation is handed down by a judge, it should really fit the crime. In the end with the evidence presented and the background or history of the offender being a factor, it’s still the judge that makes the fina l decision. There are many cases though where the offender receiving just probation doesn’t fit the crime. Such as the case of the state vs. Ethan Couch. He killed four people while driving under the influence and only received 10 years probation. His defense claimed the teen suffered from â€Å"affluenza† and the judge called the teen a victim in need of treatment (CNN.com, 2013). Many debates and petitions have already started circulating about getting the verdict overturned and even having the judge removed from the bench. The general public knows and had voiced that if this teen was from a middle class or poor family, he would have been sent directly to jail. But with these courtroom ‘players’, this is an example of a judge and a defense lawyer believing rehabilitation and counseling will help a teen turn his life around. As long as the juvenile follows the conditions that were handed down to them, and does not commit any other crimes, then they will e ventually be taken off probation. In that case it’s all up to the juvenile to change their ways. Many say this is the best method for rehabilitation, especially if the juvenile checks in their probation officer or counselors when they are supposed to. Some believe rehabilitation isShow MoreRelatedCjs 240 Intro to Juvenile Justice the Juvenile Justice Systems Need to Focus on Rehabilitation1888 Words   |  8 PagesThe Juvenile Justice System’s Need to Focus on Rehabilitation The Juvenile Justice System’s Need to Focus on Rehabilitation Amanda R. Molnar Axia College of the University of Phoenix The Juvenile Justice System Needs to Focus on Rehabilitation The juvenile justice system has long been in debate over whether its focus should be rehabilitation or punishment. From its birth in the early 20th century, the juvenile justice system has changed its focus from punishment to rehabilitation and backRead MoreThe Juvenile Justice System And Rehabilitation And Reforming Youth Into Law Abiding Citizens Essay2350 Words   |  10 PagesFor Youth Justice (2012), â€Å"On any given day, approximately 2,700 young people are locked up in adult prisons† (p. 4). This is hard to understand, because the United States has a juvenile justice system that is centered on rehabilitation and reforming youth into law-abiding citizens. Campaign For Youth Justice (2012) also claimed, â€Å"On any given night in America, 10,000 children are held in adults jails and prisons† (p. 3). Currently, all states participate in serving justice to juveniles even thoughRead MoreThe Youth Through Prevention And Detection, Rehabilitation, And Establishing A Future For Juvenile Justice System Essay1428 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract Juveniles navigate through a corrections system that is constantly changing. This research paper is dedicated to those that work with the youth through prevention and detection, rehabilitation, and establishing a future for juvenile justice. I will be focusing on what causes youth to become involved in the juvenile justice system, how we can help them get back on track and how to keep them moving forward in the right direction. In addition, the rehabilitation of the juveniles is fundamentalRead MoreJunenile Justice System Should Focus on Rehabilitation Essay1729 Words   |  7 PagesJuvenile Justice System Should Focus on Rehabilitation University of Phoenix Juvenile Justice System Should Focus on Rehabilitation Rehabilitation over Punishment, why one is better or more effective than the other, in order to answer this questions one must understand what each means. Punishment is a consequence of doing something that is unacceptable, it is meant to be unpleasant, the problem with punishment is it does nothing to address the social or mental processes that maybe contributingRead MoreJuvenile Punishment And Its Effects On Society1708 Words   |  7 Pagesdefinition of a juvenile. Many people give up on juveniles right away. Once we give up on the juveniles then they give up on themselves. They need a hand that can help them not a hand that reprimands a mistake. Children deserve thousands of chances until they see how truly amazing they are. Some people need to fall before they fly, but when they fly it is beautiful. A juvenile who has committed drug related crimes deserves a chance given by rehabilitation rather than punishment. While rehabilitation helpsRead MoreJuvenile Crime Has Become More Valuable Members Of Society?938 Words   |  4 PagesIn recent decades, juvenile crime has become somewhat of a controversy due to the young age and immaturity of these criminals. Incidences of juvenile crime skyrocketed in the 1980s and 1990s, and policymakers pushed for laws that sent children as young as thirteen years old to trial, and even made them eligible for prison sentences. The general public has expressed a common desire to reduce the incidence of juvenile crime and find effective legislation to discipline these youths, but there are questionsRead MoreThe Effects Of Incarceration On The Social Of African American Juveniles1487 Words   |  6 PagesDisciplinary changes applied to the juvenile justice system in addition to negative impressions of juvenile males have caused juvenile male incarceration rates to surge. African American male juveniles encounter racial differences in society everyday due to view that media portrays them to be. Racial bias amongst thes e juvenile African American males is the principal cause of their incarceration rates climbing higher each year. The lives of these juveniles are seriously altered after being incarceratedRead MoreEssay on Adult Justice System vs. Juvenile Justice System1145 Words   |  5 PagesAdult Justice System vs. Juvenile Justice System Versus CJ150: Juvenile Delinquency Josh Skaggs There are many similarities and differences between the adult and juvenile justice systems. Although juvenile crimes have increased in violence and intensity in the last decade, there is still enough difference between the two legal proceedings, and the behaviors themselves, to keep the systems separated. There is room for changes in each structure. However, we cannot treat/punish juvenileRead MoreBad Kids Race And The Transformation Of Juvenile Court1649 Words   |  7 PagesIn Bad Kids Race and the Transformation of Juvenile Court, Barry Feld provides a history as well as possible solutions to the problems that currently have a grapple hold on our juvenile justice system. Barry Feld is one of the nations most respected scholars of juvenile justice and currently teaches the subject, amongst other things, at the University of Minnesota. Feld himself graduated from law school at the University of Minnesota and later received his Ph.D. in sociology from Harvard. This book’sRead MoreJuvenile Rehabilitation: Adult Prison vs. Juvenile Incarceration1703 Words   |  7 PagesJuvenile Rehabilitation: Adult Prisons vs. Juvenile Incarceration Maureen Fries-Labra English 122 Anna Hopson December 14, 2009 Juvenile Rehabilitation: Adult Prisons vs. Juvenile Incarceration The criminal justice system has a branch for juvenile offenders. Established in the early twentieth century; it is the responsibility of this division to decide the fates of youthful offenders. This is administered by family court with support of social workers and family. With the increased number

Alternative Energy Sources - 894 Words

Alternative Energy Sources â€Å"In United States around half of million deaths each year are attributed to air pollution. It is estimated that air pollution each day kills three people in the city of Hong Kong. Air pollution also contributes to soil and water pollution. More than 15,000 people in the world die each day because of water pollution† (pollutionfacts.com). With these statistics, it is no wonder people are coming up with alternative energy sources. From energy to gasoline, there are many different ways to reduce these statistics. Some alternatives to energy sources are solar and wind power, alternative vehicle fuels and hybrid cars. Photovoltaic solar electricity, or more commonly known as solar power, is an alternative energy†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"There is considerable interest in electric and hybrid cars because of environmental and climate change concerns, tougher fuel efficiency standards, and increasing dependence on imported oil† (Deal). Hybrid and electric cars are a way to reduce our carbon footprint. Many vehicle manufacturers are beginning to jump into the hybrid car craze. Some of the most popular hybrid cars are the Toyota Prius, Honda Insight and Ford Fusion. There is also the electric car that relies solely on electricity to get from point A to point B. the downside to these cars however is that they only get about 100 miles before needing to be recharged. Hybrids are different because they rely on a mixture of two sources, electricity and gasoline. Hybrids can get further than electric cars because of this reason. Electric and hybrid cars have a special braking system called regenerative braking. Regenerative braking causes the car to recharge the battery whenever the car is coasting or completely stopped. this helps maintain the car’s battery life. Charging these batteries can take a while, some even take more than eight hours! While the popularity of hybrids and electric vehicles are on the rise, many people still drive a good- old fashioned gasoline car. Whereas driving a normal car will not be as environmentally friendly as the hybrid of electrics,Show MoreRelatedAlternative Sources Of Alternative Energy Sources1123 Words   |  5 PagesRough Draft: Alternative Energy Sources Imagine a world where sea levels have risen, a world where extreme weather happens more often and with more intensity, and a world that has very few species of animals left due to mass extinctions. (Environmental Protection Agency) But that future is still avoidable. The answer is renewable energy sources. Alternative energy sources are sources of energy that does not use fossil fuels, and generally are clean and renewable. (Jessa) Some examples include solarRead MoreAlternative Sources Of Alternative Energy Sources1704 Words   |  7 PagesAlternative Energy Sources Air pollution, resulting from the burning of fossil fuels, amounts for about 7 million deaths each year. On average, 1 in 8 deaths are caused by some type of air pollution. Fossil fuels are burned every day to keep the world functioning but are accompanied by tremendous amounts of pollution. The world needs energy sources that are as effective as fossil fuels but that come with less harmful pollutants than fossil fuels do. An effort must be made to pull away fromRead MoreAlternative Sources Of Alternative Energy Sources2141 Words   |  9 PagesWhat are alternative energy sources? Alternative energy sources are forms of energy that use natural resources to produce energy. There are three main alternative energy sources that can be used in the place of fossil fuels, which are Nuclear, Solar, Wind, and Hydroelectric. Fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and gas are decreasing and eventually will run out. Usage of fossil fuels cause harm to the environment by producing greenhouse gasses. Alternative energy sources are not harmful to the environmentRead MoreAlternative Sources Of Alternative Energy Sources2142 Words   |  9 PagesWhat are alternative energy sources ? Alternative energy sources are forms of energy that use natural resources to produce energy. There are three main alternative energy sources that can be used in the place of fossil fuels, which are Nuclear, Solar, Wind, and Hydroelectric. Fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and gas are decreasing and eventually will run out. Usage of fossil fuels cause harm to the environment by producing greenhouse gasses. Alternative energy sources are not harmful to the environmentRead MoreSources Of Alternative Energy Sources926 Words   |  4 PagesAlternate Energy Sources Alternative energy sources are becoming more and more popular. The most important alternative energy sources are solar, wind, geothermal, biomass, ocean, and hydropower energies. Their main advantage lies in the resumption of energy resources. This paper will give information about each of sources as well as their advantages and disadvantages. Solar energy The Sun is a leading environmentally clean energy source. The process of generating electricity from sunlight has beenRead MoreAlternative Sources Of Alternative Energy3097 Words   |  13 Pages Alternative Energy by Gage R. Shots University of Southern Indiana Global Economic Issues 241 Section 003 Prof. Daria Sevastianova Due December 8, 2014 Alternative Energy Alternative energy is imperative to the continuation and advancement of the world. There will come a time where the unsustainable resources we use to power every aspect of our lives will cease to exist, or become uneconomical. In the same way, the pollutants given off by using these energy materials are believedRead MoreAlternative Energy Sources For Renewable Energy1710 Words   |  7 Pagesconcern for our environment, alternative energy has become a source of energy that is an alternative to the problem that these fossil fuels have caused our Earth. Alternative energy are renewable and is considered to be free energy sources (Alternative Energy). All alternative energy sources have lower carbon emissions when being compared to conventional energy sources. These sources include Biomass Energy, Wind, Solar, Geothermal, and Hydroelectric Energy (Alternative Energy). With the use of recyclingRead MoreNew And Alternative Sources Of Energy1311 Words   |  6 Pages Today s society uses enormous amounts of energy. *The shadow of our presence on this planet is a result of generations upon generations of production and utilization of energy*. New and alternative sources of energy are being developed to replace the declining accessibility of coal and fossil fuels. Use of renewable energy is a key component in combatting the climate change that has become a major issue in the 21st century. Reducing our impact on the climate as a result of greenhouse gas emissionsRead MoreAlternative Energy Sources For Renewable Energy1466 Words   |  6 Pagesseeking new forms of energy that will provide clean energy and also preserve Earth s lifespan. The use of renewable and non-renewable resources has been a major controversy throughout history; renewable energy such as wind power has been the main focus of this issue. Many would believe wind energy is the best renewable power source because it is the cleanest and most efficient, whereas, others view wind ene rgy as a time bomb that will soon destroy the planet. Alternative energy sources should replaceRead MoreAlternative Energy Sources : The Nonrenewable Energy1791 Words   |  8 PagesAlternative Energy Sources Telescope to Microscope Sheldon Fogle Gwynedd Mercy University Abstract The term nonrenewable energy is pretty self-exclamatory. This can bring us a huge problem in the future .The demand for energy is more popular than ever, while the sources for energy are quickly vanishing. The earth is filled with numerous renewable resources such as wind, nuclear, hydroelectric, and solar energy that can eventually solve the problem. The following will list the advantages

Cultural Analysis For Business in Country- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theCultural Analysis For Business in Country. Answer: Culture can be defined as the set of learned behaviors as well as beliefs that mainly characterizes a group of people or a society. Anthropologists mainly divide culture in three different levels like the international culture, national culture as well as subculture. However, another sublevel of culture has high significance in every corporate and professional business environment. This is called the corporate culture (Jiang, Gollan and Brooks 2017). This is mainly seen to refer to the different beliefs as well as behaviors that participate in determining the procedures about how employees and management interact in the office environment and handle outside business transactions. Researchers are of the opinion that corporate culture gradually develops organically over time from the variety of the cumulative traits of the people hired by the company (Kwek and Lee 2015). This assignment will help to show how Mary (the individual in the case study) will utilize the Hofstede analysis and will learn about the corporate culture of Chinese firms so that she can conduct effective business. In order to conduct effective business, Mary, who is acquainted with the Australian culture of business and management, needs to develop cultural knowledge about the different attributes of corporate culture in China. She needs to take the help of Hofstede theory by which she can develop good amount of knowledge of the culture of business in Mr. Laus organization and engage into effective partnership. The first important component that an individual should first focus is the power distance. This can be defined as the extent to which the less powerful members of the institutions and organizations within a particular nation expect as well as accept the fact that power is distributed unequally. Australia has a very low score of power distance like 36 which signifies that the leaders of Australian organizations encourage development of hierarchy for convenience where the seniors are always accessible and approachable. Managers have huge dependency on the subordinates and both the stakeholders engage in transparent conversations where information is shared and consulted frequently and actively (Manrai et al. 2018). Here, communication is found to be direct, participative as well as informal. China, in this attribute score about 80 where the society believes that inequalities are acceptable in people and subordinates do not aspire beyond their rank. The relationship between the leaders and followers are polarized and subordinates are influenced by formal authority and are accepting of the fact (Hong et al. 2018). While working with the new people in the Chinese organization, she should be respectable of the relationships shared by the seniors and juniors regarding power distance and should not try to be over friendly or too informal with staffs. This may not be liked by the organization. She should maintain a power distance with the subordinates so that the workers do not suffer from cultural shock and get confused or perceive her in negative ways. The second important fact is individualism. This dimension mainly explains the degree of interdependence that a society is observed to maintain among the members. In societies which are individualist, the professionals are mainly seen to be looking after their own self or their families. However, in the collectivist society, people are seen to be belonging to group systems where individuals take care of each other in exchange of loyalty. Australians are found to be quite high in this attribute scoring a total around 90. In this corporate culture, employees are expected to be self-reliant and display initiative. Hiring is entirely based on merit and evidence about how one performs or the qualities he has. However, the score of china in this attribute is quite low for about 20 where people act for the interest of the groups (Alexander, Thompson and Murray 2017). Relationships are seen to be cooperative for the in-groups but they display hostile behavior with the out groups. Personal re lationships are given importance over task as well as company (Armstrong et al. 2017). For example, while Mary will be conducting the cross-cultural business, she should try to understand the culture, promote, and respect group working providing importance and sharing information with the whole, group rather than taking an individualistic approach. The next attribute is the masculinity attribute. This attribute mainly refers to the focus developed by the corporate culture that mainly tends to motivate people in two ways wanting to be the winner and develop as the best called the masculinity and liking what the employees do that is called the feminine trait. On the level of masculinity attribute, a high level of score is seen to indicate an interesting feature. This states that society is driven by the achievement, competition as well as success. Here the term success mainly means being the best or the winner in the field. A low score on this attribute means high on femininity where the main dominant and guiding values of the society is quite different. This is seen to involve caring for the others and maintaining a high quality life (Hung and Rundle-Thile 2014). Australia is seen to score 60 on Masculinity that states that they are proud of their success and achievements in life. China is also seen to have a value of 66 that s tates that Chinese corporate culture is also driven by success where they are even ready to sacrifice their family and leisure. Therefore, this attribute should be kept in mind and therefore, Mary would develop a working culture that should be competitive and gives scopes to the workers to show their skills. Another important attribute is called the uncertainty avoidance which mainly describes the extent to which members of any organization or a culture can be exposed to the feeling of being threatened by ambiguous or unknown situations and thereby beliefs on institutions which try to avoid this (Choudhary, Kumar and Phillip 2016). The nation of Australia scores a moderate rank of about 51 which provides them a scope to prepare themselves for future uncertainties but may not be very well adapted and through about the procedures for uncertainty avoidance. The score of the Chinese nation is quite low for about 30. They are quite comfortable with ambiguity and there adherence to laws and rules unlike the westerners are quite flexible to suit with the actual situation and pragmatism. Another important aspect of this analysis is the long-term orientation. This dimension mainly helps to describe how each and every society are successful in maintaining some links with their own past so that they can properly deal with the challenges of the present and even the future. Researchers are of the opinion that corporate societies that tend to score low in this attribute mainly prefer the maintenance of the time-honored traditions and norms while viewing societal change with suspicion (Sharma et al. 2017). Those who score high on this attribute are mainly seen to take a more pragmatic approach where they encourage different types of thrifts as well as efforts in the modern education to reflect a way of preparing oneself for the future. People of the Australian origin are more normative in thinking procedures as the nation scores 21 in this attribute. They tend to be exhibiting strong respect and support for traditions and shows small propensity for saving for the future (Vo gel et al. 2015). They focus on achieving quick results. On the other hand, china is seen to score about 87 in this attribute that makes it evident that the nation is a believer of pragmatic orientation where people are shown to adapt to the traditions easily to changed situations. They can adopt quite easily and are believers of saving and investment, thriftiness and shows perseverance in achievements of the results (Mar et al. 2015). Therefore, Mary should not focus on traditions much, should provide them scope to adapt themselves with the situations, and should not force them to achieve results, as they believe in perseverance for providing the best outcomes. The next attribute is called the indulgence. This attribute mainly describes the extent to which people are seen to try their best for controlling the desires as well as the impulses depending upon which the individuals were raised. Usually, the strong control is called indulgence and strong control is called restraints. Australia is seen to have a high score for about 71 and is therefore seen to be indulgent is nature. They are generally seen to be exhibiting a willingness to realize the various types of impulses as well as desires in regards with that of enjoying lives and having fun (Lo et al. 2017). They are seen to display a very positive attitude as well as also having a tendency towards optimism. They are also seen to provide much importance on leisure activities and thereby act as they please and spend money as they wish. On the other hand, china is seen to score for about 24 that show that they are not much aligned to leisure activities. They are more restrained where they f eel that are bound by social norms and feels that indulging them in other co curricular activities would be wrong. They are also seen to control gratification of their desires (Wang et al. 2017). Therefore, when Mary would be deciding the working styles or would be coming into partnership with this organization she should be not considering any activities for leisure or would not need to consider about engaging them in any activities for leisure. The Chinese people are more restrained. They may not like this gesture shown by Mary. From the above discussion, Mary can successfully develop ideas about the differences and variations of the corporate culture she needs to consider when coming into partnership or in any cross-cultural business deals with the Chinese organization of Mr.Lau. She should consider the six important attributes like power distance, uncertainty avoidance, indulgence, masculinity, individualism and long-term orientation between the two nations. These would help her in ensuring cultural sensitivity while interacting with the people from other culture and would put away situations of cultural shock. This would ensure success of her business plans. References: Alexander, R., Thompson, N. and Murray, D., 2017. Towards cultural translation of websites: a large-scale study of Australian, Chinese, and Saudi Arabian design preferences.Behaviour Information Technology,36(4), pp.351-363. Armstrong, A.F., Francis, R.D. and Grow, H.S., 2017. Ethical issues in the employment of expatriate leaders in corporations.Economic and Social Development: Book of Proceedings, p.95. Choudhary, N., Kumar, R. and Philip, P.J., 2016. Effects of transformational leadership on follower's organizational citizenship behavior: The moderating role of culture.Prabandhan: Indian Journal of Management,9(7), pp.23-35. Hong, J., Hou, B., Zhu, K. and Marinova, D., 2018. Exploratory innovation, exploitative innovation and employee creativity: The moderation of collectivism in Chinese context.Chinese Management Studies. Huang, Y.T. and Rundle-Thiele, S., 2014. The moderating effect of cultural congruence on the internal marketing practice and employee satisfaction relationship: An empirical examination of Australian and Taiwanese born tourism employees.Tourism Management,42, pp.196-206. Jiang, Z., Gollan, P.J. and Brooks, G., 2017. Relationships between organizational justice, organizational trust and organizational commitment: a cross-cultural study of China, South Korea and Australia.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,28(7), pp.973-1004. Kwek, A. and Lee, Y.S., 2015. How face matters: Chinese corporate tourists in Australia.Journal of Travel Tourism Marketing,32(1-2), pp.120-140. Lo, K.D., Waters, R.D. and Christensen, N., 2017. Assessing the applicability of Hofstedes cultural dimensions for Global 500 corporations Facebook profiles and content.Journal of Communication Management,21(1), pp.51-67. Manrai, L.A., Manrai, A.K., Lascu, D. and Friedeborn, S., 2018. Determinants and Effects of Cultural Context: A Review, Conceptual Model, and Propositions.Journal of Global Marketing, pp.1-16. Mar Miras?Rodrguez, M., Carrasco?Gallego, A. and Escobar?Prez, B., 2015. Are socially responsible behaviors paid off equally? A Cross?cultural analysis.Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management,22(4), pp.237-256. Sharma, N., Boyle, B., Mitchell, R., Malik, A., Gray, S. and OMahony, B., 2017. Leveraging the common and outsourcing the distinct: institutional difference and multinational company identity in emerging economies.Social Identities, pp.1-18. Vogel, R.M., Mitchell, M.S., Tepper, B.J., Restubog, S.L., Hu, C., Hua, W. and Huang, J.C., 2015. A cross?cultural examination of subordinates' perceptions of and reactions to abusive supervision.Journal of Organizational Behavior,36(5), pp.720-745. Wang, R., Chan, D.K.S., Goh, Y.W., Penfold, M., Harper, T. and Weltewitz, T., 2017. Humor and workplace stress: a longitudinal comparison between Australian and Chinese employees.Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources.

Tito Puente Essays - Salsa, Latin American Music, Tito Puente

Tito Puente By virtue of his warm, flamboyant stage manner, longevity, constant touring, and appearances in the mass media, Tito Puente is probably the most beloved symbol of Latin jazz. But more than that, Puente managed to keep his music remarkably fresh over the decades; as a timbales virtuoso, he combined mastery over every rhythmic nuance with old-fashioned showmanship watching his eyes bug out when taking a dynamic solo was one of the great treats for Latin jazz fans. A trained musician, he was also a fine, lyrical vibraphonist, a gifted arranger, and played piano, congas, bongos and saxophone. His appeal continues to cut across all ages and ethnic groups, helped no doubt by Santana's best-selling cover versions of Oye Como Va and Para Los Rumberos in 1970-71, and cameo appearances on The Cosby Show in the 1980s and the film The Mambo Kings in 1992. His brand of classic salsa is generally free of dark undercurrents, radiating a joyous, compulsively danceable party atmosphere. Rooted in Sp anish Harlem, of Puerto Rican descent, Puente originally intended to become a dancer but a torn ankle tendon suffered in an accident scotched those ambitions. At age 13, he began working in Ramon Olivero's big band as a drummer, and later he studied composing, orchestration and piano at Juilliard and the New York School Of Music. More importantly, he played with and absorbed the influence of Machito, who was successfully fusing Latin rhythms with progressive jazz. Forming the nine-piece Piccadilly Boys in 1947 and then expanding it to a full orchestra two years later, Puente recorded for Secco, Tico and eventually RCA Victor, helping to fuel the mambo craze that gave him the unofficial and ultimately lifelong - title King Of the Mambo, or just El Rey. Puente also helped popularize the cha-cha-cha during the 1950s, and he was the only non-Cuban who was invited to a government-sponsored 50 Years Of Cuban Music celebration in Cuba in 1952. Among the major-league congueros who played w ith the Puente band in the `50s were Mongo Santamaria, Willie Bobo, Johnny Pacheco and Ray Barretto, which resulted in some explosive percussion shootouts. Not one to paint himself into a tight Latin music corner, Puente's range extended to big band jazz (Puente Goes Jazz), and in the `60s, bossa nova tunes, Broadway hits, boogaloos, and pop music, although in later years he tended to stick with older Latin jazz styles that became popularly known as salsa. In 1982, he started reeling off a string of several Latin jazz albums with octets or big bands for Concord Picante that gave him greater exposure and respect in the jazz world than he ever had. An indefatigable visitor to the recording studios, Puente recorded his 100th album The Mambo King in 1991 amidst much ceremony and affection (an all-star Latin music concert at Los Angeles' Universal Amphitheater in March 1992 commemorated the milestone), and he kept adding more titles to the tally throughout the `90s. He also appeared as a guest on innumerable albums over the years, and such jazz stars as Phil Woods, George Shearing, James Moody, Dave Valentin and Terry Gibbs played on Puente's own later albums. Just months after accepting his fifth Grammy award, he died on June 1, 2000. Several months later, Puente was recognized at the first annual Latin Grammy Awards, winning for Best Traditional Tropical Performance for Mambo Birdland Music Essays

Smoking companies should be sued. (a negative speech Grade 9 essays

Smoking companies should be sued. (a negative speech Grade 9 essays Good evening chairperson ladies and gentlemen, Before I Begin the negative teams argument. I would like to address some of the misleading statements made by the affirmative team. The Negative team agrees/disagrees with the definition made by the affirmative team We disagree with the definition laid out by the affirmative team; we would like to redefine the following words. Cigarette, company, sued. Cigarette: A slender roll of cut tobacco enclosed in paper and meant to be smoked Company: An association of persons for carrying on a commercial or industrial enterprise Sued: to seek justice or right from (a person) by legal process Our theme for this evenings debate is if people choose to partake in any activity or habit, which is obviously risky, they should not have the right to sue. Individuals should be held liable for the choices they make. The negative team believes that our theme is an apt one because it is not the responsibility of the cigarette companies but the choices made by the individuals. Our split for tonight is economic and social views, which leads me to my first point. On average a packet of cigarettes cost $10.00, and $6.50 of that is tax, which goes to the government. Last year Australia sold Thirty five million packets of cigarettes, That means that Two hundred and twenty seven million five hundred thousand dollars is injected in to the Australian economy this money not only pays for the health system but also our public schools and our infrastructure. If smoking companies are sued it may lead to chapter eleven bankruptcy, this would mean that all of the money that would be injected to the Australian economy would now be non-existent. The consequences would be that taxes across the board would be raised by an additional 5%, to make up for the loss. This years budget was announced last night and there was a major surplus even with a drought a war and an epidemic this was said ...

Indirect Quotations

Indirect Quotations Indirect Quotations Indirect Quotations By Maeve Maddox Colorful, striking direct quotations enliven a news story, but not everything an interview subject says is worth quoting in its entirety. An hour of note-taking might result in a lot of information, but little in the way of pithy remarks. It’s the writer’s job to distinguish between what’s worth quoting verbatim, and what would be better paraphrased. For example, you have interviewed numerous students and faculty about a university decision against arming teaching staff. Their comments are all very similar, so you decide not to quote them directly. Instead, you quote them indirectly: Students and faculty interviewed for this story said they were relieved by the decision. Certain alterations must be made when turning a direct quotation into reported speech. Verbs, pronouns, and time adverbials are changed: Direct quotation: â€Å"I plan to climb Mount McKinley tomorrow.† Indirect quotation: Jones said he planned to climb Mount McKinley the following day. Direct quotation: â€Å"At the moment I’m performing at the Citadel, but next week I’ll be joining the cast of Grease at the Odeon.† Indirect quotation: Jack Riprock said that at the time he was playing at the Citadel, but that the following week he would be joining the cast of Grease at the Odeon. Go becomes went, is becomes was, will becomes would, and so on. Now becomes then, today becomes that day, yesterday becomes the day before, etc. The personal pronoun I becomes he or she, us becomes them, etc. The transformed quotation is frequently phrased as a noun clause introduced by that: She said that she would never forget the day she almost died. Here are some verbs other than say that a writer can use to introduce an indirect quotation: add, admit, agree, announce, answer, argue, boast, claim, comment, complain, confirm, consider, deny, doubt, estimate, explain, fear, feel, insist, mention, observe, persuade, propose, remark, remember, repeat, reply, report, reveal, state, suggest, suppose, tell, think, understand, warn, ask, know, remember, see, decide, expect, guarantee, hope, promise, swear, threaten, advise, beg, prefer, recommend, request, describe, discover, discuss, forget, guess, imagine, learn, realize, wonder, command, forbid, instruct, invite. Note, the word that does not always have to be expressed: She said she would never forget the day she almost died. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:45 Synonyms for â€Å"Food†Round vs. AroundMankind vs. Humankind

Application of the Scientific Method Research Paper

Application of the Scientific Method - Research Paper Example Consistency of results is sought in order to develop a theory (Gauch, 2003). The scientific method starts with the definition of a problem that cannot be explained readily. Alternatively, the problem may be having an existing explanation but there is a possibility of coming up with another explanation. The identification of such a phenomenon is then followed by a research of what is known about it. Equipped with this knowledge, the scientist then develops a hypothesis. A hypothesis is a calculated guess or prediction as the reason why the phenomenon occurs as it does (Gauch, 2003). An experiment is conducted to test the hypothesis. The accuracy of the results of an experiment depends largely on how it is designed. Observations of what transpires during the experiment are recorded and analyzed. Conclusions made from the results help accept or reject the hypothesis. The scientific method can be demonstrated using the selection of a particular brand of detergent. There are many brands of detergents each having different properties. Consumers have different preferences and uses all of which guide their selection of a brand of detergent. An environmentally sensitive consumer may go beyond the use for which he needs a detergent to considering the impact that the detergent would have on the environment (Bhairi & Mohan, 2007). A viable problem for the application of the scientific method is the selection of a brand of detergent that cleans efficiently and has minimal negative impacts on the environment. A testable hypothesis will be; an efficient detergent is highly soluble (0.5 x 10-5 per liter of water) at working temperatures (250CÂ ±30C), has a low CMC (0.35 x 10-3 at 250C) and is non-toxic. The criteria for determining the success of the actions to be used in testing the aforementioned hypothesis will include; whether or not solubility was measured at a pre-set working

Strategy management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Strategy management - Essay Example These strategies are usually based on theoretical frameworks that guide a firm towards success or growth. There would be three different strategic frameworks utilized in this study for critical analysis such as Porter’s diamond model, Porter’s generic strategies and Yip’s drivers of internationalization. Michael Porter has been able to elaborate on three types of general strategies that are basically used by every other organization. There are two dimensions that define these three generic strategies like strategic strength and strategic scope. Porter developed the diamond model in order to analyze reasons behind some firms becoming competitive in specific locations. On the other hand, Yip’s drivers of internationalization states that there are drivers such as cost drivers, market drivers, competitive drivers and government drivers which drives overall international strategy. In this study all the three strategic models will be applied on Samsung and Micro soft Nokia. Samsung is a South Korean company and it consists of affiliated subsidiaries and business. The company had entered into electronics industry in 1960s. Nokia is an information technology and multinational communications firm of Finland. This firm is regarded as the biggest vendor in mobile phone market and has recently entered into strategic alliance with Microsoft so as to use for its smartphones an exclusive Windows platform. As per figure1, market drivers basically mean market forces. This driver encompasses similar needs of customers, transferable marketing strategy and global customers. Customers possessing same needs or wants are usually offered same product. On the other hand, global customers shall differ in their demands which have to be addressed properly. Cost drivers consist of economies of scale, country specific differences and favorable logistic conditions. Economies of scale can be well justifiable in terms of research and

Class in America Essay Example for Free

Class in America Essay Myth 1: The United States is fundamentally a classless society. Class distinctions are largely irrelevant today, and whatever differences do exist in economic standing, they are for the most part- insignificant Myth 2: We are, essentially, a middle-class nation Myth 3: We are all getting richer. The American public as a whole is steadily moving up the economic ladder, and each generation propels itself to greater economic well-being Myth 4: Everyone has an equal chance to succeed Reality 1: There are enormous differences in the economic standing of American citizens. A sizable proportion of the U.S. population occupies opposite ends of the economic spectrum. In the middle ranger of the economic spectrum: Sixty percent of the American population holds less than 6 percent of the nations wealth. Between 1979 and 2000, the gap in household income between the top fifth and middle fifth of the population by 31 percent. During the economic boom of the 19990s, four out of five Americans saw their share of net worth decline, while the top fifth saw their share increase from 59 percent to 63 percent. Reality 2: The middle class in the United States hold a very small share of the nations wealth and that share is declining steadily. The gap between rich and poor and between rich and the middle class is larger than it has even been. Reality 3: Class affects more than life-style and material well-being. It has significant impact on our physical and mental well-being as well. Researchers have found an inverse relationship between social class and health. Lower-class standing is correlated to higher rates of infant mortality, eye and ear disease, arthritis, physical disability, diabetes, nutritional deficiency, respiratory disease, mental illness, and heart disease Reality 4: From cradle to grave, the class standing has a significant impact on our chances for survival. Reality 5: Class standing has a significant impact on chances for educational achievement. Class standing, and consequently life chances, are largely determined at birth†¦ One study showed that fewer than one in five men surpass the economic status of their fathers. For those whose annual income is in six figures, economic success is due in large part to  the wealth and privileges bestowed on them at birth.† (Mantsios, Class in America- 2003) This article, the myths and realities Mantsios addresses show that in fact people in the United States do not have the simple, easy, freedom of just becoming rich and it is not just a matter of working hard to get there. The class system and the power of oppression keep citizens in the classes they are born into. One who is born into a lower class in the U.S. is at a constant disadvantage from birth. The statistics Mantsios uses illustrate the economic gap between the rich and the middle class and the rich and the poor in the United States- showing an increase in the gap: â€Å"the rich getting richer and the poor getting poorer.† The fact that laws and the class systems are acting as traps to keep the people in poverty, or at least keep them from becoming affluent, is a violent act. And as an even more literal act of violence, even though it isnt much of an act, the correlation between poverty and disease is outrageous. And so again, poverty is violence

THE BIOSPHERE :: essays research papers fc

Biosphere:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The biosphere is part of the earth in which life exists. It is 20 kilometers thick from the bottom of the ocean to the lower atmosphere. It consists of three layers: the lithosphere, which is the land on the surface of the earth; the hydrosphere, which comprises of the water on the earth as well as water vapor in the air; and the atmosphere, which is made up of the air that surrounds the earth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The living organisms in the biosphere interact and affect each other in many ways. This is called a biotic community. There are non-living elements that have an effect on living organisms, these are considered abiotic factors. Some examples of abiotic factors are air, temperature, water, soil, light, and minerals. In a biosphere, organisms live in special groupings -- for instance - a population consists of all individuals of a type living in a general area. An community is a population located in a certain area living among different species. An ecosystem is a larger mass of a population, a community, and abiotic factors.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ecosystems can be aquatic or terrestrial. The earth's aquatic ecosystem makes up about 75% of the earth's surface. This aquatic environment is divided into marine and freshwater environments. The earth's earthly ecosystem is mainly made up of forests and deserts, which make up for 25% of the earth's surface. The role or function of an organism in a community is that organism's function. An organism's role is an area picked by that organism based on physical factors such as temperature, light, oxygen and carbon dioxide content and biological factors such as food, competition for resources and predators. This niche provides the organism a place to live in. A habitat remains consistent with an organism's niche as well as provides the organism with a place to reproduce. In this case, organisms may have the same habitat, but different niches.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are three types of relationships involving the interactions between organisms. They are mutualism* (mutually beneficial association between different kinds of organisms), commensalisms* (a relation between two kinds of organisms in which one obtains food or other benefits from the other without damaging or benefiting it), and parasitism* (an intimate association between organisms of tow of more kind; especially: one of which a parasite obtains from a host which it usually injures.)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.) Mutualism is a relationship where both organisms benefit from their interaction with each other.

Present Value

Selling price The selling price would equal to the sum of the potential profits realizable by the purchased asset. In order to present a proper amount with respect to the time value and including the market risk and risk premium, the profits have to be discounted to the present value using the appropriate discount rate. The sum of the discounted cash flows for the next two years of the asset’s useful life is $299,021.75. The same number represents a fair price for purchasing the asset, as it includes potential benefits realizable by the investment, as well as accounts for the possible risks on the basis of the fixed discount rate. Price adjustment under higher rates and inflationThe higher inflation rate would require the appropriate price markup. Market interest rates as well as the risk rates are higher under the growing inflation. Therefore, the price of the asset will be increased, by marking the adjusting the dollar value using the appropriate inflation rate.LocationIf th e asset would be located in the area with unstable governmental and economic situation, it would cost less. The unexpected and sharp market prices fluctuations could alter the projected profit margins. The implementation of long-term contracts would be under a threat. However, with only two years of potential profits, the latter argument does not represent the most critical issue in determining the price level. The risks associated with the potential benefits are significantly higher than in the case of operating in a stable economy. Consequently, the asset would lose some of its value, and its selling price would be lower.BondsThe goal of the firm is to maximize present shareholder value. This goal implies that projects should be undertaken that result in the positive net present value, that is the present value of the expected cash inflow less the present value of the required capital expenditures. Using net present value as a measure, capital budgeting involves selecting those pr ojects that increase the value of the firm because they have a positive NPV. The timing and growth rate of the incoming cash flow is important only to the extent of its impact on NPV. The increase in the net present value means the decrease in the discount rate. This data can be observed in the financial plan section, using cash flows, where the present value of a cash flow stream is equal to the sum of the present values of the individual cash flows. Moreover, in determination of the net present value cost of capital percentage can be used.The cost of capital for any investment is the rate of return capital providers would expect to receive if they would invest their capital elsewhere (opportunity cost).  The annual financial reports for the two companies suggest at a first glance that Cisco systems would be a more sound investment, as it represents a more favourable income statement balance. General Motors Company shows very low profits for the last periods, however its profit m argins are steadily growing. A significant loss, which negatively affects the current credit rating of the company, is realized in prior periods due to discontinuing operations and losses on requisitions. However, the company’s liquidity shows a close to industry’s median value. General Motors shows a more confident overall stability of business operation, while Cisco system greatly depends on innovation and research and development, which is associated with greater costs and bigger risk involved.However, the business indicates less dependency on fixed costs, which allows to attain not only technological or innovative advantage on the market, but also to win better trading bargains offering more favourable prices to customers. The business operations of Cisco largely depend on the appropriate timing and immediate reaction.Cisco should have a higher discount rate than General Motors, because it requires a more profound analysis for determining the potential performance of the company. The higher risks associated with the investment should be accordingly accounted for including the calculation of the market rate and the risk premium. General Motors offers lower returns but higher stability, which means less risk. Making a long term investment in bonds with the same pay rate would be more sound and reasonable for General Motors Company, as it provides a less risky opportunity of return. However, its benefits are limited compared to the potential suggested by the Cisco systems company.

Homefield Advantage

Laurence Daniel Jan. 17, 2010 EN 102 D Creative 1 Home Field Advantage It is time to separate fact from myth. The weather is perfect. The stadium is at capacity. The fans are screaming at the top of their lungs, but is this all for nothing? Every sport has fans that love and support their teams. Some people even adjust their schedules to make sure that they can attend every single game. When they arrive the atmosphere is intense. So intense, in fact, that it becomes hard for people to hear others sitting nearby. Some people strongly believe that this â€Å"intensity† affects the way that the players play their game. Most believe that the home-team has some sort of advantage over the opposition. People love a competitive football game, but more than anything, they love to see their teams win. However, given the so-called home field advantage, is it becoming unfair for fans to attend their favorite teams’ games? Research shows that home field advantage gives the home-team an edge, but not much of one. Football players report that some stadiums are tougher to play in than others because of the acoustics. Some stadiums can reach noise levels up to 127 decibels. With all that noise and distraction, teams have now started to train for these extremely nosy crowds. To go into a stadium and defeat a team who has the crowd on their side is always a great feeling, which disproves the idea that it might somewhat unfair to have home field advantage. It turns out home field advantage is one of those unknown factors that can help or not help any team at any time. There is a certain advantage to playing on home field, but whether it is enough depends on the team. It would be impossible to eliminate this â€Å"advantage† without taking away the fans in the seats. Sports are supposed to be fun, and without the fans, what is left? It is time we stop stressing over something that is simply part of the game.

The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air Essays

The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air Essays The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air Essay The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air Essay Essay Topic: The Prince The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air is an American sit com, which is targeted at everyone but mainly at teenagers. It has been popular for more then eighteen years. But why would teenagers watch such a TV programme that only teaches them to do something good. This is done in a different way, to do as youre told, keep out of trouble and respect others. So how does it keep its success for over eighteen years? If The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air is just about being good, then why do teenagers still watch this programme? In my opinion I think that its the way the producers use media devices and the structure of the narrative that attracts teenagers rather a repels them.In the beginning of the show we se Will spinning on a throne acting as if hes a king which shows us that he is being the boss (as in a king) and in control everything around him. He is wearing a t-shirt which is a bit like a gangster and cool glasses and one of his legs are up on the throne making him look more of a gangster type then a king. He tells us the story of how his life got twisted upside down when he moved from West Philadelphia to Bel-Air. This appeals to a few audiences because even some teenagers want to either leave home forever or move to their aunty and uncle.The techniques used in this scene are notan lighting which makes it quite normal because its not scary at all. This is important that its not scary because its a comedy show and if they put scary lighting it wouldnt make sense. The camera is at the top and Will is at the bottom, on the floor spinning around on his throne, its quite a close up shot as well. Theres also graffiti in the background. This attracts the teenagers and makes them feel that theyre Will Smith and making them look at Wills point of view, because you know that some teenagers want to be gangsters and want to take over something as being a king, and thats what exactly happens in the first shot. I think that when the audience watches this first shot they will straight away feel that theyre on Wills side because its a quite close up shot and it makes the audience feel that Will is talking straight to them.This shot is related to the title of this page because in this scene Will is acting as a prince because Will is sitting on the throne, and plus on the title it says The Fresh Prince which means hes like a prince.The second scene we see Will doing some graffiti on a wall when all of a sudden, a policeman appears. The policeman scolds Will. Will get a bit scared to see him. Will makes the fool out of the policeman by saying no Im not graffitting its just a deodorant and gets away from trouble.In this scene the media devices used are notan lighting and a close up shot only.The second scene relates to the target audience because there are a few teenagers who think they can do graffiti and act cool by doing it, and also its one of a thing that some teenagers might want to try it out if they havent done it.This scene takes place at t he basketball court where Will and his friends are playing basketball. Will does some silly tricks while his friends are just pushing and shoving each other. Will shoots the ball but misses the basket and the ball bounces to some gangsters, who then gets angry and beat up Will.The techniques used were notan lighting as usual, the camera angle is straight and close up when its at Will when hes playing basketball. Then its a low angle shot looking up when it is at the gangsters because theyre big, strong and scary. Then the camera is overhead and Will and the gangsters are having a fight, which is shown as a birds eye view.When Will is playing basketball he tries to do these cool moves and shoot the ball in the basket but misses which shows hes not actually cool. Will also tries to be a gangster but when he faces the real gangsters he gets scared. This relates to the target audience because this shows how most teenagers act like, because some teenagers act really cool and talk in slan g but when it comes to a challenge or something they get scared back away.If you look close at Wills friends, they are actually a bit stupid because when Will is just standing in one place and doing his tricks, his friends are like jumping about around him, pushing and shoving each other and putting their hands up to stop the ball, when Will isnt doing anything.Wills mum and Will, both, is in his room where his mum is scolding him and pointing her finger at Will (but actually it seems shes scolding at us because of the camera viewpoint). She is also saying something at Will that hes going to moving with his aunty and uncle to Bel-Air.There are a few techniques used in this scene like in-between of extreme shot and really close up shot, like right in the face. Theres also notan lighting as usual in all shots. When Wills mum is talking and pointing her finger at us, because her face is so close to the camera it exactly feels like that she is talking to the people who are watching it. When you look at Wills mum when shes scolding, and at the back the background is in graffiti, I think that Wills mum is acting as a barrier between Will Smith and the bad things like graffiti, fights, and chaos. She doesnt want Will to be getting in any trouble. Now Will is being stopped from doing bad things from his mum, but when he goes away to Bel-Air his mum wont be there so he can do whatever he likes.This scene takes place in where Will whistles for a cab; gets in and off he sets to Bel-Air. On the way he sees the Hollywood sign and other things and gets exited and starts taking photos. When he reaches his uncle and aunties house he yelled to the cab yo home smell you later, and then walks to the house. The media devises used are close up shots and as always notan lighting in every scene. The affect on the viewer is that if Will really is a cool and gangster type then why is he getting happy and excited just seeing the Hollywood sign from far away, because real gangsters woul d say like ya ya so its just Hollywood sign. In my opinion I think that Will is getting happy that he is going to his aunty and uncle who are rich and then says yo home smell you later that also suggests that he is happy to leave west Philadelphia and move to Bel-Air. This appeals to the target audience because some teenagers get bored at home or have a fight with their parents and feel like that they want to leave home and go somewhere else where they would be happier.In conclusion I think that will smith is trying to be a gangster and fit in the west Philadelphia, but what we see is actually happening in the show. We see will trying to be a gangster by doing graffiti, playing basketballbut thats not all, we also see Will doing as his mum says like when she said that he had to move to Bel-Air, he does as hes mum tells him to do. If you really think about it there are quite subliminal messages in the opening sequence. So you see in one way Will tries to be a gangster and show off bu t in the other hand he also listens to his mother. So this shows that pupil can be gangster in school or outside, but also listen to their parents.

Resume Tips Part 2 Words and Phrases to Delete from Your Resume

Resume Tips Part 2 Words and Phrases to Delete from Your Resume This is one of my favorite resume tips. It will help you show employers exactly what you did and what you can do for them. Most of us are familiar with the concept of â€Å"power verbs† on a resume. We also have unlimited resources for finding and choosing power verbs, such as  this list organized by category from the University of Iowas Pomerantz Career Center. How many times have you heard, â€Å"Every bullet in a resume should start with a verb? Dozens at least, right? Then why are you starting your bullets with the phrase responsible for? Responsible is not a verb, no matter how many times it shows up on your resume. Furthermore, you can be â€Å"responsible for† something and not actually do it! Employers care about what you did. Employers (or their computer systems at least) also care about keywords. I promise you, â€Å"responsible† or â€Å"responsibility† will never show up in a list of sought-after keywords. Begin with a Power Verb Compare: a. Was responsible for submitting two sports-related blogs per month for publication on website. b. Submitted two sports-related blogs per month for publication on website. And compare: a. Responsible for raising $250,000 by recruiting staff to run door- to-door canvass reaching 200,000 people. b. Raised $250,000 by recruiting staff to run door-to-door canvass reaching 200,000 people. Version b in both cases is shorter and more powerful than version a. You might be there saying, â€Å"But I didn’t just do things, I was responsible for them!† If you had supervisory or managerial responsibilities, there are verbs for that. Some of them are: Supervised Developed Managed Ensured Handled Monitored Even if you had many significant responsibilities that are important to list on your resume, try including your responsibility in a bullet that also includes an achievement, along with the important keywords you see in the job description. And remember to start each bullet with a verb! Be responsible for the words you choose on your resume. I hope you found these resume tips useful. If you want professional assistance to craft a powerful resume, please contact us.

For this week's discussion you will explore macros and security Assignment

For this week's discussion you will explore macros and security features provided by MS Word - Assignment Example The macro can also be used to highlight a particular text or word and then use ‘macro’ to navigate it to definition or detailed information. In addition, Macro can also be used to add more detail to a particular text or event mentioned in the document. U.S Department of Energy Computer Incident Advisory Capability defines, â€Å"Macro Virus’ as a piece of self-replicating code written in an application’s macro language† (Salomon, 2010). Macro Virus affects the entire document, therefore, if any document that has Macro Virus shall be replace with a new document. It can be prevented through using digital signatures and updating software on a regular basis (Salomon, 2010). The virus can affect the entire document and you may loose the entire information, the entire file, template or document may get corrupted and causing a series of automatic destructive actions to your

Ester Synthesis Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ester Synthesis - Lab Report Example Esters are also present in the animal fats and in most of the biological molecules and compounds. The process known for the production of an ester is called Esterification. It can either be formed in organic acids or in inorganic acids. In the organic acids of these esters, the liquids usually have no color, are impartial and have a pleasing smell (Clayden, Greeves, & Warren, 2012). The esters are usually prepared in large amounts for the purpose of saleable use. They are commercially used in perfumes, flavoring and as artificial fruits. Esterification has great importance and tends to perform a number of processes. The main importance of Esterification is to imitate acids such as the carboxylic acids and some groups of compounds or molecules that are considered to be functional. The process involved with Esterification is that of condensing. Example is the carboxyl acids and the hydroxyl alcohol as seen in the experiment. The process condenses these acids and eliminates water. This process is slow and temperatures used are at moderate Celsius. In most of the chemical industries throughout the world, the process of Esterification is used in various fields to perform different set of purposes. One of the purposes is seen in the removers of the nail polishing. The solvent that is used is called ethyl acetate. The amyl nitrite is used for the purpose of asthma treatments. ... There was the use of a reflux condenser and a conical vial container. In the conical vial container, about an ML of alcohol is kept inside the container. A spin vane which is found inside the conical vial is filled with acetic acid of about 1.5 ml. in the same container; about four drops of sulphuric acid were added. The sulphuric acid is concentrated. The equipment that was used was recapped. Inside the tube that was used, dryrite was used. Cotton was also used to make sure that the dryrite was dry and smooth for the experiment. The tube was later fused together with the condenser in a position that the conical vial is set to sit in the sand bath. In the sand bath, a thermometer is used with the view of measuring the temperature of the experiment. To prevent heat retention while the thermometer is in use, an aluminum foil is used as a cover. The reflux condenser is then set in the position of the tap to allow for the movement of water from the condenser. After the flow, the tap is s witched on to allow for the smooth running of water in the experiment. When the temperature inside the sand bath reached 170 degrees Celsius, the process of condensation began to take its roots. While condensation was happening, the temperature was maintained for about 60 minutes. After an hour of refluxing, the condenser, the heat were turned off and the contents inside removed. They were then allowed to cool (Guardia & Garrigues, 2012)Â   The mechanism of the reaction is based on the formation of ethyl ethanoate. In the presence of sulphuric acid, the ethanol reacts with ethanoic acid. The process is considered to be slow and reversible. To prevent for a reverse reaction, the ester is passed through the process of distillation. The steps in the mechanism reaction links with the

Intellectual&cultural movements Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Intellectual&cultural movements - Essay Example across the discourses and intellectual texts of a certain era going beyond the understanding of their contextual reception and origins recovering the historical meanings. It is certain that intellectual and cultural movements encompass the circulation of ideas in countries, periods, and the transnational intellectual exchanges. In this regard, all forms of the expressive thought, which include religion, political thoughts, philosophy, natural science, social science and the arts, are dealt with accordingly. The racial feeling and thinking in the Europe from the fifteenth century, the racial thinking within the context of the Western encounters with the Jews and non-European people. It is of concern that the relation to economic, political and economic trends, as well as questions involving the interpretation of Historical and literature, is of paramount importance. As can be deduced from the history of the emergence of the Classicism and romanticism clearly outlined, it is clear that those who believed in classism were guided by a belief that reason is a dominating characteristic of nature and human nature both of which are governed by the fixed, and unchanging laws. Notably, classicism has its roots way back in 18th c. Those who proclaim this faith hold that nature is a self contained machine guided by laws, which can rationally be understood. Their value was based on order, clarity and balance. They postulated that imagination should be restrained by common sense and reason. The general principle is based on values such as human limitations, resisted change and human limitation. The primary sources clearly indicate that romanticism has its roots in the 1800c, with the proponents of this philosophy putting emphasis on emotions, intuitions, and upon an individual. This belief was guided by the practice of reason over imaginations, social over the person, and common over individualism. According to the proponents of this philosophy, imagination provides

Successfully Raise A Defence Of Necessity

Successfully Raise A Defence Of Necessity Necessity and Private Defence are closely linked therefore; many of the requirements of private defence are also requirements for necessity. The difference between these two grounds of justification is that private defence stems from and is directed at, an unlawful human attack while in necessity a person finds him/herself in a situation in which he/she must between two evils: either suffer personal harm or break the law. The act of defence in private defence is always directed at an unlawful human attack whereas; in cases of necessity it is directed at either the interests of another innocent party or a mere legal provision. (Snyman, 2008, p. 115) Necessity There must be an urgent and immediate threat to life which creates a situation in which the defendant reasonably believes that a fair response to that threat is to break the law. This reflects the distinction between the defenses of necessity and duress in that the former is pressure of circumstances arising naturally, whereas the latter is a threat from an entirely human agency that overpowers the will of the defendant. The subjective frame of mind of the person who is relying on necessity the courts will not consider this but rather whether the act of necessity was in accordance with the legal conviction of society. The courts will also weight the option of whether a reasonable would have acted in the same way as a person that claims to have acted in necessity. They are using the concept of the reasonable person to practically embody the legal convictions of society and not to determining negligence. (Joubert, 2001, p. 61) REQUIREMENTS TO SUCCESSFULLY RAISE A DEFENCE OF NECESSITY The author will no discuss five (5) requirements that must be met in order for a person to successfully raise a defence of necessity: A legal interest must be endangered The danger must have begun or be imminent The defensive act must be necessary to avert the danger The defensive act must be reasonable The endangered person must know he/she is acting in necessity A legal interest must be endangered The purpose of the specific conduct must be clearly to protect a legal interest. Although the law recognizes many interests the most obvious are a persons life, limb, personal safety and integrity. A person may act in a situation of necessity to protect property but cannot relay on necessity to protect his/her job. If a person is not able to perform his job without breaking the law he must find another way to earn a living. For example a person cannot operate an illegal shebeen and claim it is to sustain his family when apprehended. The person must rather apply legally for a shebeens license. A person may also act in necessity in defence of some else. (S v Pretorius, 1975) The danger must have begun or be imminent When danger has already passed or will possibly occur in the distant feature a person cannot rely on necessity. Therefore, the danger must already have begun or the situation must be immediately threatening. In the trail Regina v. Dudley Stephens four stranded sailors were adrift in a small boat without supplies. The three strongest decided to eat the fourth, a seventeen (17) year old cabin boy to save themselves. There was some degree of necessity arising from the threat of starvation, even though the cabin boy would almost certainly have died of natural causes the sailors killed the boy intentionally and the court ruled that cannibalizing the boy was not urgently necessary and found them guilty of murder. (Regina v. Dudley Stephens, 1884) The defensive act must be necessary to avert the danger When a person relies on necessity the action taken should have to avert the danger. When there is less drastic measure to avert the danger a person a person should take this option. If it was not taken a person cannot rely on necessity. For instance when a man are awake by a noise in the middle of the night and found a person at his fridge busy eating food and killed the person by shooting him he thus cannot relay on necessity. If there is a possibility that a person can flee from the immediate or imminent danger he should do so. (S v Pretorius, 1975). The danger does not take the form of an unlawful attack and removing oneself from the danger in most cases of necessity. The defensive act must be reasonable A person must act reasonable if he wants to rely on necessity as ground of justification. The interest that is being protected must not be disproportionate of the defence act. Not more harm than is necessary to avert the attack must be inflicted by the person who wants to rely on necessity. According to Snyman this proportionality requirement is sometimes explained by requiring that the protected interest should be of greater value than the interest that is infringed upon. (Snyman, 2008, p. 119). The protected and infringed interests are a totally different nature, but if the infringed interest is a legal provision only, the defence of necessity would most probably succeed. For example a correctional exceeding the speed limit because he is rushing to the Prison where inmates are in the process of escaping, he will most probably be allowed to justify his actions by relying on necessity as a defence, since he infringed a legal provision only. The endangered person must know he/she is acting in necessity If a person is conscious of the fact that an emergency exists and knowingly acted in necessity than he can rely on necessity as a defence. A person cannot thus rely on necessity as a ground of justification if he throws a brick through a window in an attempt to break into a house but his action saves the occupants lives who are sleeping in a room filled with poisonous gas. PRIVATE DEFENCE The onus is on the state to prove beyond reasonable doubt that the accused action cannot be justified, if private defence is raised as a ground of justification. Private defence involves a person who takes the law into his own hands. Therefore, it is a drastic measure that should not be used for corrective purposes. Snyman alleged that this ground of justification has no history, but exist from the beginning of time. (Snyman, 2008, p. 103). Every person has a right to defend himself against an unlawful attack a right that is recognised in section 51 of the Charter of the United Nations. The two theories for the existence of private defence are protection theory, which emphasises each persons right to defend oneself or another against an unlawful attack whereas in upholding-of justice theory is where people acting in private defence perform acts assist in upholding the legal order. (Snyman, Criminal Law, 2004, p. 178). It is the primary duty of the state to protect the life and property of individuals but no state no matter how big its recourses can afford it. Therefore, this right has been given by the state to every citizen to take the law into his own hands for their safety. REQUIREMENTS TO SUCCESSFULLY RELIANCE ON PRIVATE DEFENCE The requirements of private defence can be divided into two groups for the purpose of classification namely: the requirements with which the attack must comply and the requirements with which the defence must comply. Requirements of the attack It must be unlawful A legal interest deserves protection. It must be imminent, but not yet completed The attack must be unlawful When the attack on a person is unlawful only than can a defender rely on private defence. A suspect who was lawfully arrested by a police official cannot rely on private defence in resisting the arrest. On the other hand, when a police official exceeds his powers by arresting a person he is not allowed to arrest the person may resist and can rely on private defence to justify his resistance. A legal interest deserves protection. Normally a person acts in private defence to protect his life, limb, bodily integrity and property. These are not the only interest worth of protection as the courts also recognized a persons right to defend personal freedom, sexual integrity, self-respect and chastity. To protect the interest of other persons is also an act of private defence but than the third party should want the defender to act on his behalf. However, the defender will not be able to rely on private defence if the victim does not want the help of the defender. (Joubert, 2001, p. 52) The attack must be imminent, but not yet completed If it is clear that an attack is about to happen than a person can rely on private defence. The defender doesnt have to wait for the attacker to attack first if the attack is imminent he can avert the attack by defending himself before the attack actually arise. But if the attack have been already completed the defender no longer defend him but get even. In the case of S v Moghlwane it was find that if the attack formed part of one and the same immediate and continued act of resistance, the defender can rely on private defence even if he left the scene temporarily. (S v Mogohlwane, 1982) The defence requirements Before private defence can succeed the defensive action have to comply with certain standards. The defence must be directed at the attacker It must be necessary It must be reasonable The defence must be directed at the attacker When the defence is directed at anyone else than private defence as a ground of justification will not succeed therefore, it may only be directed at the attacker. (Snyman, Criminal Law, 2004) The defence must be necessary If there is another way that the attack can be averted in a less serious way than that option should be used. The law must not be taken into their own hands if the defender can rely on another remedy. Therefore, the defence should be absolutely necessary in order to protect the interest threatened. The question arises than should a person rather flee an attack than resort to private defence? But than once there is a duty to flee it will imply that justice will have to give up to injustice. Therefore, it is not expected of a police official on duty to flee if he is being attacked while lawfully performing his duties. The defence must be reasonable There should be a balance between the attack and the defence. The defence act may not be more harmful than necessary to ward of the attack. Therefore, it would be unreasonable to kill a person who attempts to steal bread. Proportionality also plays a very important role in determining whether the defence was reasonable or not. The proportionality requirement will be met if the defence act is reasonably proportionate to the attack. The right of private defence is a good weapon in the hand of citizens to defend themselves but it is not revenge rather towards the threat and imminent danger of an attack. The courts find it difficult whether this right had been exercised in good faith or not. Conclusion It can be said that the confusion arise between Necessity and private defence are that they are closely related to each other. The difference are than is that private defence is an act of defence directed at an unlawful human attack while necessity is directed at either the interests of another innocent party or a simple legal provision.

Dubious Heros in Julius Caesar :: Julius Caesar Essays

Questionable Heros in Julius Caesar      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Julius Caesar, a play written by William Shakespeare, had many characters who could have been questioned in terms of their motives and will.   Some may have had good intentions, but others were not motivated by their concern for the well-being of the Romans.   The aim of this paper is to take a look at why the main people in this tragedy did what they did.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Julius Caesar, the center of the big ordeal, is the first logical person to take a look at.   When he first arrives, he is hailed as a great man and offered the crown numerous times, refusing it each time.  Ã‚   He is clearly the hero of the people for that time.   The question of his heroism comes when his previous actions are looked upon.   He has just returned from killing Pompey and Pompey's sons.   He did this to gain complete control of Rome instead of sticking with the triumvirate that had currently ruled.   He was ambitious, or so it was said, and he wanted only power.   This alone shows that his motives were not as pure as was first thought.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The next person to be looked upon in Mark Antony, apparently Julius Caesar's right-hand man.   He plays the part of the hero as he takes Caesar's side after death and rallies the people against the conspirators.   As he speaks to Octavius, though, he shows that he is mainly after the power also in saying that the third person of their new triumvirate, Lepidus, is not a worthy adversary and is only good enough to carry messages.   Antony goes on to say that they should have him (Lepidus) killed, along with all the other people they were making a list of.   He was going to have them eliminated just because they might stand in their way to gaining complete power.   He also ordered to have figured a way to cut some of the money out of the will to the people and keep it for himself.   His intentions weren't so good after all.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Cassius, the apparent originator of the conspiracy in the first place, is at first hard to figure out if he would take action in good will or in greed

Supplier Selection for the Contract of GH’S Hazardous Waste Disposal

As indicated in UoL, (2013) Assignment study case General Hospital (GH) forecasts producing an estimated average of a daily waste equal to 5 Kg per day and the GH operates 52 weeks/year, 7 days/week so the estimated waste per year 5*356 = 1780 Kg per Year.Due to poor forecasting process 7 data of GH as per their historical data, the forecasted accuracy is 80% per year, therefor suppliers must consider in his calculations the risk of having 20% increase in the wastes quantities 1780*20%= 365 Kg/Year = 1 Kg/Day as a result of that suppliers must include a prices List for Extra services in their offers. Three suppliers responded to bid to GH tender invitation and gave the best offers they have as per below schedule:Quality.In our study case the mentioned activities are simple and not complicated, so based on the above steps that I will be using to choose the best supplier and offer. And as per the above schedule GH procurement department of (GH) analysis and evaluation of two elements p rice and service, the analysis results for the main three suppliers A have got the best service, supplier B have the best price, and the supplier C is out of the competition because his offer is not clear about the price and limited delivery ability.Analysis of the Price:A and B suppliers gave a detailed price for their operation charge and their waste quantities pick-up capacity the primary evaluation result reflects that the supplier B has the lowest price = 1,157 and the supplier A price =1673. 2 a different of 516. 20 â‚ ¬ between both prices, supplier C could not have a final price for unclear information. Service analysis: As per the forecasted estimate of the waste generated daily by the GH is approximately 5 kg per day, suppliers A and B gave a proposal of container’s capacity 100 kg for A and 50 kg for B.  suppliers A and B also gave an On-Call option for the pick-up, replacement, and disposal operation. (UoL, 2013)Suppliers need to understand the requirement of GH and the amount of risk for keeping the waste inside the container and what is the suitable duration to keep the waste without disposal. A and B suppliers have given a competitive offers, supplier A shows the readiness to negotiate regarding his offer in order to reach to the best settlement. (UoL, 2013) Negotiation Process: GH will conduct a negotiation meeting with the Supplier A.According to Sollish et al. (2011, pp. 136-140) it is important to define the elements that you will negotiate about it before conducting the negotiation and establish suitable and collaborative environment for the client and the supplier. Some of the main elements that the GH procurement department need to discuss as follows The capacity of the container: According to the daily estimation of the waste 100 Kg is too much and GH need to convenes supplier A to reduce the cost of the pick-up operation charge by utilizing less capacity containers.Safety and Environment procedures need to be discussed and h ow and what is the best way to collect such type of waste with optimum quality performance without endangering the health of the people and the environment. Win-win is one of the main features of collaborative negotiation. The main target is to reason with supplier A and reduce the total cost of his offer. All the negotiation activities and results need to be documented in case needed in the future.In the end if the negotiation did not went well with supplier A one of the negotiation tactics that need to be ready even before starting the negotiation what called Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement (BATANA) McGraw-Hill (2006, p. 21 stated that â€Å"Alternatives are also important because they give negotiators the power to walk away from any negotiation when the emerging deal is not very good† and also it is better to have your BATNA ready to compare it with the available proposal to â€Å"see whether it better satisfies your interests† .  (Fisher et al. 1999, p . 51)My best alternative is to give the contract to supplier B which has much better price and less capacity containers which will add value in the logistic operation and gives less time to keep the waste around the hospital for environmental issues, with the estimated 5 KG waste per day the container will be moved every 10 to 11 days.

Marine Resources

Madalena Barbosa Marine Resources – April, 2012 Index Common Property Fishery of N identical fishing vessels model: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2 1. a) Biological Stock Equilibrium without Harvest †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2 1. b) Maximum Sustainable Yield †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2 1. c) Open Access Equilibrium †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 5 1. ) Optimal Economic Equilib rium †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 6 1. e) Comparison between Maximum Sustainable Equilibrium and both Open Access Equilibrium and Optimal Economic Equilibrium †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 8 1. f) Assuming a schooling fishery †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 9 2. Different possible policies †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 11 2. ) Total Allowable Catches †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 11 2. b) Effort and harvest taxes †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 13 2. c) Individual Transferable Quotas – ITQ’s †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 15 3. Recommendation statement for the policy decision ITQ’s †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 16 Figure 1Growth and Harvest as function of stock size †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Figure 2Sustainable revenue, total costs and net benefit of fishing effort. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 8 Figure 3 Growth and Harvest as function of stock size for an Open Access equilibrium and a set TAC †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 11 Figure 4 Sustainable revenue, total costs and Total revenue and total costs for the TAC level of fishing effort. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 2 Figure 5 Use of corrective taxes on effort can equate social and private costs †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 14 Figure 6 Use of corrective taxes on harvest that can equate social and private revenues. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 15 Marine Resource Management – Assignment 2 1 Common Property Fishery of N identical fishing vessels model: Biological growth function for the resource stock: ? = 1? ? = ? ? Graham-Schaefer production function (linear case of the Coob-Douglas production function): Profit function: Condition: Where, 0? = ? ? ? S(t): stock (biomass) of economically valuable fish at time t.E(t): Effort is an index measure of the quantity of inputs applied to the task of fishing at time t. Intrinsic growth rate of the resources stock: r = 0,8/Ye ar Natural carrying Capacity (maximum value for S): k=50. 000 tons Catchability coefficient: q = 0,0002/hour fishing Price per unit of output: p = 200â‚ ¬/ton Cost per unit of effort: c=400â‚ ¬/ hour fishing Maximum Effort per vessel: = 100 hours fishing 1. a) Biological Stock Equilibrium without Harvest In this situation the growth in the stocks doesn’t exist so that: ? =0 = = 50. 000 1. b) Maximum Sustainable YieldIn order to calculate the values that maximize sustainable harvest for this fishery, we need to compute the harvesting function that depends on effort (Shaefer Yield Effort Curve); and after that, to maximize harvesting for effort so that we are able to compute the different sustainable values. Marine Resource Management – Assignment 2 2 First we substitute the Graham-Shaefer production function into the biological growth function of the stock and obtained, = 1? ? In a steady-state equilibrium = = are equally counterbalanced by the removals from the s tock through harvesting). Also and .The solution of the previous function for the steady-state level of S is: 1? = ? 1? = ? = 0, so that = (the additions to the resource stock 1? = = ? ? 1? = ? Substitute the former function in Graham-Schaefer production function to find Shaefer Yield Effort Curve: ? = = = ? 1? ? ? ? Schaefer Yield Effort Curve: This equation is quadratic in E so for high levels of effort the yield is zero. So, if the effort level is higher than the critical level, > towards extinction. ? , the yield is zero and the population will be driven Maximize Shaefer Yield Effort Curve to find the highest value of Effort that can be sustainable, 2 =0? 2 =0? = ? = = 2 ? ? = 2 Marine Resource Management – Assignment 2 3 To find the Maximum Sustainable Harvest level substitute Emsy in the Shaefer Yield Effort Curve, ? = ? ? 4 ? ?= 2 ? 2 ? ?= ?= 2 2 ? 4 ? ? ?= 2 ? = 4 ? To find the stock that maximizes sustainable harvest of this fishery substitute Emsy and Hmsy in Gr aham-Shaefer production function and solve it for S, = ? 4 = 2 ? 4 Note that the resource stocks at MSY is on-half of the natural carrying capacity. The solution for the maximum sustainable yield is given by the following values of Effort, harvest and stock: = 2 ? = 0,8 ? 50. 000 ? 4 50. 000 = ? 2 0,8 ? 0,0002 = . 0 2 = ? = = = 2 4 ? ? = = = . . Now that we have calculated the level of effort corresponding to the maximum sustainable yield, EMSY, we can estimate the necessary equilibrium fleet, as it is the one that with the maximum effort per vessel, EMAX, equals the EMSY. = 2. 000 ? 100 ? ? = ? The equilibrium fleet under sustainable harvesting is composed of 20 identical fishing vessels. ? = = Marine Resource Management – Assignment 2 4 1. c) Open Access Equilibrium To characterize the Open-Access Equilibrium we take two main assumptions: 1. The steady-state equilibrium for the biological growth function is true and 2.It is also true the steady-state equilibrium condition f or all sustainable rents. = =0 ? =0 With these two equations we have the property right condition of open-access and the social welfare optimum. That is, the comparative statics to compare the optimal open-access levels of effort, resource stock, yield, and rents with the social optimum levels of effort, resource stock, yield, and rents. Rearranging we obtain the open-access equilibrium level for the resource stock, ? = = ? ? From the steady-state equilibrium condition we can find the level of effort in an Open Access equilibrium, = ? 1? = = = ? =Rearranging for E: Substituting S for SOA: = 1? 1? ? ? ? Substituting EOA in Graham-Schaefer production function we get the harvest in an Open Access equilibrium, = ? = ? = ? ? 1? ? Marine Resource Management – Assignment 2 5 The profits per vessel on an Open Access equilibrium are as we already stated before equal to zero, = = ? = 200 ? 6. 400 ? 400 ? 3. 200 ? Profit will be zero for each individual firm and, consequently, for all the firms competing in this market; which makes sense once we are in the situation where companies can freely enter or exiting the market (similar to perfect competition).The solution for the Open-Access equilibrium is given by the following values of Effort, harvest and stock: = = ? = ? = ? . = 1? 1? ? ? = = , , ? , ? , ? , 1? 1? ? , ? , ? . ? ?. . = . = . 1. d) Optimal Economic Equilibrium The static, steady-state optimal economic level of effort, for the individual, that also maximizes the social welfare for society is found by computing the equation for sustainable rents and maximizing it for the Effort: = =0? = = ? ?2 ? ? =0? ? Maximizing, 2 ? ? =To solve for the static steady-state optimal economic level of the resource stock, SEFF, substitute EEFF into the equation for the resource stock with the Schaefer Yield Effort Curve, = 1? ? = 1? 2 = + 1? ? = 1 1? + 2 2 ? Marine Resource Management – Assignment 2 6 The Optimal Economic Equilibrium’s for Harvesting can be found using the Graham-Schaefer production function by substituting EEff and SEFF found before, = ? 2 ? = 1? ? ? ? 2 + 2 ? = ? + The solution for the Open-Access equilibrium is given by the following values of Effort, harvest and stock: = 1? ? ? = ? , = + = ? ? = ? , . + 1? ? ? , ? , ? . = = . = . . Marine Resource Management – Assignment 2 7 1. e)Comparison between Maximum Sustainable Equilibrium and both Open Access Equilibrium and Optimal Economic Equilibrium In this question we are asked to compare the maximum social sustainable solutions with both solutions of the Open Access and the Optimal Economic Equilibrium, respectively. The results acquired during the former exercises are summarized in figure 1 and figure 2: 14. 000 q. E(MSY). S 12. 000 q. E(OA). S H(MSY) 10. 000 Growth in Fish Stock (tons) . E(Eff). S H(Eff) 8. 000 H(OA) 6. 000 4. 000 2. 000 S(OA) 0 0 5. 000 10. 000 15. 000 20. 000 25. 000 30. 000 Fish Stock (tons) 35. 000 40. 000 45. 000 50. 000 S(MSY) S(Eff) G (S) q. E(OA). S Figure 1Growth and Harvest as function of stock size 2. 500. 000 E(Eff) E(MSY) E(OA) Total Revenue, Total Cost and Profit (â‚ ¬/hour fishing) 2. 000. 000 1. 500. 000 1. 000. 000 500. 000 0 0 500 1. 000 1. 500 2. 000 Effort (hour fishing) TR TC NB TC (Eff) 2. 500 3. 000 3. 500 4. 000 Figure 2Sustainable revenue, total costs and net benefit of fishing effort.From the previous figures we can easily see that, < < The MSY policy target is the best in a social point of view. It has the highest harvest maximum for a balanced level of stock with a medium level of effort. But in an economical point of view this equilibrium doesn’t bring the best results since its rent level is lower than for the optimal economic equilibrium. The efficient solution is the one that requires less effort to capture an intermediate level of fish, keeping the highest possible level of stock.This is why, economically, efficiency is the best solution, because it will allow future gene rations to capture similar quantities once preservation of stock is taken into account and additionally getting the higher rent. Furthermore and comparing with open access and sustainable yield, this solution requires less effort which is positive for the companies involved. In the situation of open access, as there is free access to the market, competition will lead to low individual harvesting levels and significantly high levels of effort and, at the same time, the level of stocks will be the lowest. < < < < ; 1. f) Assuming a schooling fishery Given that we are now in the situation of a schooling fishery, where the group of fishes is swimming in the same direction in a coordinated manner, and we have the following access given its profit condition ( = ? ? = 200. = = conditions: ? = and 0 ? ? , we are able to compute the outcome for open ), where we already know that ? ? = ? ? = 0.It is again important to note that i) In this case, as ? =2 ? = 200 ? 2 ? 400 = 0 betwe en exploiting or not the stock available. = 0 under all values of effort, we have a situation of indifference Marine Resource Management – Assignment 2 ii) Here, as abandon this market and no effort will be given ( = 0). The stock will not be exploited at all and initial stock will remain equal to final stock. iii) ? =3 ? = 200 ? 3 ? 400 = 200 ? =1 ? = 200 ? 1 ? 400 = ? 200 < 0, firms will not have any interest in fishing so they will simply Under this situation, as market, so they will apply all the effort available in order to maximize their own profits. As a result, stocks will be exploited until the end. > 0, companies have interest in competing in this Marine Resource Management – Assignment 2 10 2. Different possible policiesThe Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) distinguishes two types of fisheries management: Incentive Blocking and Incentive Management. Regarding Incentive Blocking we can have management instruments that encoura ge effort and and harvest reductions by blocking them. For example, Total Allowable Catches (TACs), gear restrictions, like engine power limitations, limit fishing seasons, limit entry with buy-back schemes (licenses) or just increase the real cost of harvest through regulations. Incentive Adjusting pursuits to adjust the fisher incentives to make them compatible with society’s goals.In this case we are talking about taxes on effort or harvest and quotas. We will present you with some examples regarding these types of management. 2. a) Total Allowable Catches A Total Allowable Catch is a catch limit set for a particular fishery, generally for a year or a fishing season. In a derby fishery, the governments set a limit on the total allowable catch (TAC) for the year and the fishery is open on a specific date. As soon as TAC is reached, the fishery is closed for the year. The TAC is set below the overfishing level to assure that it is restrictive. Its goal is to allow the natura l resource to recover the stock levels.In this case the TAC was set below de level of harvesting for the Open-Access equilibrium at the value of 3500 tons (figure 3). 12. 000 10. 000 Growth in Fish Stock (tons) 8. 000 6. 000 4. 000 2. 000 0 0 5. 000 10. 000 15. 000 20. 000 25. 000 Fish Stock (tons) G(S) TAC q. E(TAC). S q. E(OA). S H(OA) 30. 000 35. 000 40. 000 45. 000 50. 000 Figure 3 Growth and Harvest as function of stock size for an Open Access equilibrium and a set TAC The TAC policy level of effort is significantly lower than the open access level. The TAC level equals Shaefer effort Yield curve in equilibrium, Solving for E: 3500 = 0,0002 ? 0. 000 ? = = ? , = ? ? ? ? , , ? ? ? . So this measure would allow the stock to recover for a level of, = , = 3500 ? 0,0002 ? 387,55 In a conservation point of view this is an effective measure, but in an economical point of view it has its issues. The tendency for fishing enterprises is to move towards an over-investment in equipment and labor in order to increase their share of the common TAC. It causes a major disruption in the seasonal pattern of a fishery as fishermen rush to obtain their share of the quota. Often vessels increase in size and add engine power both to operate with greater fishing power.In a consequence, economic conditions in the derby fishery are best at the start of a season when the fish stocks are most abundant, and steadily deteriorate as harvesting depletes the available stocks. These conditions induce a race for fish, which, in turn, results in overcapitalization (Figure 4). 2. 100. 000 Total Revenue, Total Cost and TAC level (â‚ ¬/hour fishing) 1. 600. 000 1. 100. 000 600. 000 100. 000 0 500 1. 000 1. 500 2. 000 2. 500 3. 000 3. 500 4. 000 -400. 000 TR Effort (hour fishing) TC p*TAC TC' E(OA) Figure 4 Sustainable revenue, total costs and Total revenue and total costs for the TAC level of fishing effort.Assuming that calculate the costs of overcapitalization, c’, and understand t his behavior: = ? ? = ? = 0 and that the stock levels will vary with the imposition of the TAC we can ?= ? = = , ? = , = From the function above we can understand the volatility of this policy. With the increase in the levels of stock the price will be higher and the fishermen have the incentive to invest in fleet capital that from society’s point of view is redundant. Also, the excess fleet makes the monitoring of harvesting very difficult and the TAC limit is exceeded. 2. b) Effort and harvest taxesFish is economically overexploited under open-access regime. The market price is high enough and the harvest cost low enough to make it a commercial resource. Corrective taxes can in theory bring marginal private costs into alignment with marginal social costs. Using taxes the managers reduce the fishermen revenues or raise the real cost of fishing. The idea is to find the tax rate, on either effort or harvest, that adjusts effort to the maximum economic yield level, EEff, that s hould be as said before the level at which the sustainable rent is maximum. With an effort tax the total cost per unit of effort is, = +Where tE is the tax per unit effort (ex. : $ per trawl hour or trawl year) and TC’ is the total costs with taxes. The effect of the effort tax is to increase total costs to such a level that the TC’ curve intersects the total revenue curve for the EEff, as you can see in figure 5. The tax on the effort was found as followed, = + ? ? tE = 800 â‚ ¬/hour fishing ? 200 ? 9. 600 = 400 + ? 1. 600 ? Note that for any value of effort the total costs with taxes is greater that the total costs. The effect of an effort tax increases the slope of the total cost curve for the industry.This implies that the total revenue, TR(E), is shared between the government, as the tax collector, and the Marine Resource Management – Assignment 2 13 fishing industry. The former receives the resource rent, ? Eff, and the fishers end up with the differenc e between the total revenue and the resource rent that is just enough to cover the costs of the fishers. 2. 500. 000 E(Eff) E(MSY) E(OA) Total Revenue and Total Cost (â‚ ¬/hour fishing) 2. 000. 000 1. 500. 000 ? (Eff) 1. 000. 000 500. 000 0 0 500 1. 000 1. 500 2. 000 Effort (hour fishing) TR TC TC' 2. 500 3. 000 3. 500 4. 000Figure 5 Use of corrective taxes on effort can equate social and private costs In the case of a harvest tax, the sustainable revenue of the fishery curve is affected, as you can see in figure 6. The harvest tax would be applied to the price as it is demonstrated next, ? = ? = ? tH = 133,33 â‚ ¬/hour fishing 200 + ? 9600 = 400 ? 1. 600 ? So in this case, the net price of the fish received by the fishers is also only just enough to support the costs. 2. 500. 000 E(Eff) E(MSY) E(OA) Total Revenue, Total Cost and Rent (â‚ ¬/hour fishing) 2. 000. 000 1. 500. 000 ? (Eff) 1. 000. 000 500. 000 0 0 500 1. 000 1. 00 2. 000 Effort (hour fishing) TR TC TR' 2. 500 3 . 000 3. 500 4. 000 Figure 6 Use of corrective taxes on harvest that can equate social and private revenues. The resource rent equals the total tax revenue in both cases, = = ? ? = 133,33 ? 9. 600 = 1. 280. 000â‚ ¬ = 800 ? 1. 600 = 1. 280. 000â‚ ¬ ? ? ? ? Thus, a tax on harvest contributes to decreasing the total revenue of the industry whereas a tax on effort contributes to increasing the industry costs. This would be a very interesting measure if the resource rent would be re-distributed, for example, to the fishing community avoiding any efficiency loss.But it is very hard to get to an agreement regarding this subject so the losses are real and the measure is not efficient in an economic perspective. Also, in a social point of view this measure is very demanding since it lowers the private revenues of the fishers, a theoretical and overall poor social group. 2. c) Individual Transferable Quotas – ITQ’s The ITQ’s are an improved version of the TACâ€℠¢s policy. It allocates a specific quota to each individual (ex. : a vessel, a corporation, etc. ) consistent with property rights theory. With this kind of policy fishermen don’t need to race against each other.We will proceed with short run rights, where fishermen own a share of harvest. The quota is computed from the previous established level for TAC and the fleet capacity, in this case we are going to use the value for the necessary equilibrium fleet previously calculated, ? = 3. 500? 20 = So, each of the 20 identical fishing vessels are allowed to harvest 176 tons per fishing season. To ensure that the expected results are lasting, the quotas should be transferable. There has to be a quota market to ensure that at any time the most cost-effective fisher does the fishing. If = 0, ? As St varies l will be adjusted and the quota market prices established. In a successful Optimal Economic managed fishery, resource rent per unit of effort would be: = ? 1. 280. 000 = 800â‚ ¬ 1.600 And the resource rent per unit of harvest would be: = ? ? These two prices indicate the equilibrium prices of effort and harvest quotas. The quotas market correct incentives for each boat to maximize its rent and to harvest with minimum costs, removing the incentives to over capitalization. So, in a conservation point of view and in economic terms ITQ’s are the best policy measure. . 280. 000 = 133,3â‚ ¬ 9. 600 ? 3. Recommendation statement for the policy decision ITQ’s ITQ’s are the best option as they are efficient both in a conservation point of view as in economic terms. Also, it’s the only measure that aligns the interests of the fishermen, the biologists and the governments. ITQ’s has several advantages like being efficient, as said before, it improves safety, as fishermen don’t need to rush to sea under bad weather conditions, improves the quality for consumer by spreading the fishing season and it incentives for mutual en forcement control.But all of its potential can be wasted if a good monitoring system is not assured. Comparing to a blocking measure, like TAC, its property rights condition correct what it was flawed with the previous policy. Now the fishermen have exclusive rights to a fishery resource, not having to expend effort until profits are zero and, consequently dissipating all the potential rents that the fishery resource could have generated. Marine Resource Management – Assignment 2